{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Roman-Indian Trade Relations",
      "chunk_data": "1. TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND INDIA IN THE FIRST CENTURY A.D.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 100,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1st century A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Roman Empire",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The chapter examines trade relations between the Roman Empire and India during the first century A.D.",
        "tags": [
          "Trade",
          "Roman Empire",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Strabo on Roman-Indian Trade",
      "chunk_data": "Strabo, who lived during the time of Augustus, makes reference to trade between the Roman Empire and India.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": -27,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 14,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "27 B.C.–14 A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Strabo",
          "Augustus"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Roman Empire",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Strabo refers to trade between the Roman Empire and India during the reign of Augustus.",
        "tags": [
          "Trade",
          "Roman Empire",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Sources on Strabo’s Account",
      "chunk_data": "Strabo, 2.5.12. (5 A.D.)",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 5,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 5,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "5 A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Strabo"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The cited passage is Strabo, Geography 2.5.12.",
        "tags": [
          "Sources",
          "Trade",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "McCrindle’s Ancient India Account",
      "chunk_data": "A short account is found in J. W. McCrindle, Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature, p. 98.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1877,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1877,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1877"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. W. McCrindle"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "J. W. McCrindle provides a short account of classical descriptions of India.",
        "tags": [
          "Sources",
          "India",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Perumalil’s Detailed Discussion",
      "chunk_data": "A detailed discussion of the subject is found in the first five chapters of A. C. Perumalil, The Apostles in India.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1953,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1953,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1953"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "A. C. Perumalil"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "A. C. Perumalil discusses Roman-Indian trade in the first five chapters of The Apostles in India.",
        "tags": [
          "Sources",
          "Trade",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Gallus’s Egyptian Prefecture",
      "chunk_data": "I was with Gallus at the time he was prefect of Egypt, and accompanied him as far as Syene and the frontiers of Ethiopia, and I found that about one hundred and twenty ships sail from Myos-Hormos to India.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": -26,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": -24,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "26–24 B.C."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Strabo",
          "Aelius Gallus"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Egypt",
          "Syene",
          "Ethiopia",
          "Myos-Hormos",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Strabo accompanied Aelius Gallus from Egypt to Syene and the Ethiopian frontier and observed that about 120 ships sailed from Myos-Hormos to India.",
        "tags": [
          "Trade",
          "Voyages",
          "Egypt"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Pliny on Voyages to India",
      "chunk_data": "Pliny the Elder (23/24-79 A.D.) mentions voyages from the Roman Empire to India and the pepper trade.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 77,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 77,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 77 A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Pliny the Elder"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Roman Empire",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Pliny the Elder records voyages from the Roman Empire to India and the pepper trade.",
        "tags": [
          "Trade",
          "Voyages",
          "Spices"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Sources for Pliny’s Account",
      "chunk_data": "Pliny, 6.26. His writing on the subject is referred to in H. Wilfred Schoff, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. p. 232.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 77,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 77,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 77 A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Pliny the Elder",
          "H. Wilfred Schoff"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "Pliny’s account is cited from Natural History 6.26 and discussed by H. Wilfred Schoff.",
        "tags": [
          "Sources",
          "Trade",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Shorter Route to India",
      "chunk_data": "The age that followed pointed out a shorter route, and a safer one to those who might happen to sail from the same promontory for Sergius, a port in India; and for a long time this route was followed, until at last a still shorter cut was discovered by a merchant, and the thirst for gain brought India even still nearer to us.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 100,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1st century A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "India",
          "Sergius"
        ],
        "event": "A shorter and safer sea route to India was identified, followed for some time, and later replaced by an even shorter route discovered by a merchant.",
        "tags": [
          "Trade",
          "Navigation",
          "Voyages"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Annual Voyages to India",
      "chunk_data": "At the present-day voyages are made to India every year.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 77,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 77,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 77 A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Voyages to India were being made annually.",
        "tags": [
          "Trade",
          "Voyages",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Pliny on the Pepper Trade",
      "chunk_data": "Pliny, 12.14. Schoff, p. 214. It is quite surprising that the use of pepper has come so much into fashion, seeing that in other substances which we use, it is sometimes their sweetness, and sometimes their appearance that has attracted our notice; whereas, pepper has nothing in it that can plead as a recommendation to either fruit or berry, its only desirable quality being a certain pungency; and it is for this that we import it all the way from India!",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 77,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 77,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 77 A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Pliny the Elder",
          "H. Wilfred Schoff"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Pliny comments on the popularity of pepper and the Roman importation of pepper from India.",
        "tags": [
          "Trade",
          "Spices",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Periplus and Roman-Indian Trade",
      "chunk_data": "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 50 A.D.), a travel account by an unknown author, also refers to trade between Rome and India.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 50,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 50,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 50 A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Rome",
          "India",
          "Erythraean Sea"
        ],
        "event": "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea refers to trade between Rome and India.",
        "tags": [
          "Trade",
          "Voyages",
          "Sources"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "5-50. Trade Relations between the Roman Empire and India in the First Century A.D.",
      "page_numbers": [
        1
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00025-f0cffb41d186df004892.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Markets Beyond Barygaza",
      "chunk_data": "Periplus, 52. Schoff, p. 43. The market-towns of this region are, in order, after Barygaza: Suppara, and the city of Calliena, which in the time of the elder Saraganus became a lawful market-town; but since it came into the possession of Sandares the port is much obstructed, and Greek ships landing there may chance to be taken to Barygaza under guard.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 50,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 50,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 50 A.D."
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Saraganus",
          "Sandares"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Barygaza",
          "Suppara",
          "Calliena"
        ],
        "event": "The Periplus lists Suppara and Calliena among the market-towns beyond Barygaza and describes restrictions on Greek ships entering Calliena.",
        "tags": [
          "Trade",
          "Ports",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}