{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        388
      ],
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      "chunk_title": "Constitutional Religious Freedom",
      "chunk_data": "186. THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA ON THE FREEDOM OF RELIGION (1950 A.D.)\nThe freedom of the citizens of India to profess, practice and propagate their religion is guaranteed by the Constitution adopted in 1950. The following are the relevant clauses, identified by number.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Citizens of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution of India guarantees citizens the freedom to profess, practise, and propagate their religion.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Politics"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        388
      ],
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      "chunk_title": "Freedom of Conscience",
      "chunk_data": "25. (1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Citizens of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution grants all persons equal freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practise, and propagate religion.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Rights"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        388
      ],
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Limits on Religious Activity",
      "chunk_data": "(2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law—",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "State of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution preserves existing laws and permits the State to enact laws within the limits of religious freedom.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Government"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        388
      ],
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Regulation of Secular Activities",
      "chunk_data": "(a) regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus...",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "State of India",
          "Hindus"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution permits regulation of secular activities associated with public Hindu religious institutions and their opening to all classes and sections of Hindus.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Equality"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        389
      ],
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Sikh Religious Practice",
      "chunk_data": "Explanation I.—The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh religion.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Sikhs"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution recognizes the wearing and carrying of kirpans as part of the profession of the Sikh religion.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Sikhism"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        389
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Religious Community Definitions",
      "chunk_data": "Explanation II. In sub-clause (a) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Buddhist religion, and the reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Hindus",
          "Sikhs",
          "Jains",
          "Buddhists"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution defines references to Hindus in this provision as including persons professing Sikh, Jaina, or Buddhist religions.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Communities"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        389
      ],
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      "chunk_title": "Rights of Religious Denominations",
      "chunk_data": "26. Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right—\n(a) to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes;\n(b) to manage its own affairs in matters religious;",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Religious denominations"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution grants religious denominations the right to establish charitable institutions and manage their religious affairs.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Institutions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        389
      ],
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Religious Property Rights",
      "chunk_data": "(c) to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and\n(d) to administer such property in accordance with law.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Religious denominations"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution grants religious denominations the right to own, acquire, and administer property according to law.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Property"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        389
      ],
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      "chunk_title": "Protection from Religious Taxes",
      "chunk_data": "27. No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Citizens of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution prohibits compelling people to pay taxes specifically appropriated for promoting or maintaining a particular religion or denomination.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Taxation"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        389
      ],
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Religious Instruction in State Schools",
      "chunk_data": "28. (1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any educational institutions wholly maintained out of State funds.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "State of India",
          "Students"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution prohibits religious instruction in educational institutions wholly maintained with State funds.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Education"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        389
      ],
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Endowed Educational Institutions",
      "chunk_data": "(2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious instruction shall be imparted in such institution.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "State of India",
          "Trustees"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The prohibition on religious instruction does not apply to State-administered institutions established under endowments or trusts requiring such instruction.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Education"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "1950. The Constitution of India on the Freedom of Religion",
      "page_numbers": [
        389
      ],
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      "chunk_title": "Consent for Religious Instruction",
      "chunk_data": "(3) No person attending any educational institution recognized by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has given his consent thereto.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1950,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1950,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1950 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Students",
          "Guardians",
          "State of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Constitution protects students in State-recognized or State-aided institutions from compulsory religious instruction or worship without consent.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Law",
          "Education"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}