{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        6
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Rufinus Describes Indian Christianity",
      "chunk_data": "10. RUFINUS OF AQUILEIA ON THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY TO INDIA (345-410 A.D.)",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 345,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 410,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 345-410 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Rufinus of Aquileia"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Rufinus of Aquileia's account of the introduction of Christianity to India.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "India",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        6
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00030-1f4d57ce202d73eee194.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Frumentius Evangelizes India",
      "chunk_data": "In his Ecclesiastical History, 1.9, Rufinus describes the work of Frumentius in what is clearly the Indian subcontinent.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 324,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 337,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "During Constantine's reign, c. 324-337 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Rufinus of Aquileia",
          "Frumentius"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Rufinus describes Frumentius's missionary work in the Indian subcontinent.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Mission",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        6
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00030-1f4d57ce202d73eee194.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Christianity Spreads Under Constantine",
      "chunk_data": "We must now mention in what manner Christianity was spread in this emperor's (Constantine) reign for it was in his time that the nations both of the Indians in the interior, and of the Iberians first embraced the Christian faith.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 324,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 337,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "During Constantine's reign, c. 324-337 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Constantine"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Interior India",
          "Iberia"
        ],
        "event": "The interior Indians and the Iberians first embrace the Christian faith during Constantine's reign.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Conversion",
          "Politics"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        6,
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Rufinus Defines Interior India",
      "chunk_data": "But I shall briefly explain why I have used the appended expression 'in the interior'. When the apostles went forth by lot among the nations, Thomas received the apostleship of the Parthians; Matthew was allotted Ethiopia; and Bartholomew the part of India contiguous to that country; but the interior India, in which many barbarous nations using different languages lived, was not enlightened by Christian doctrine before the times of Constantine.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 30,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 337,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "From the apostolic age to c. 337 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Thomas",
          "Matthew",
          "Bartholomew",
          "Constantine"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Parthia",
          "Ethiopia",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Rufinus distinguishes the interior of India from regions traditionally assigned to Thomas and Bartholomew.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Apostles",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Meropius Travels to India",
      "chunk_data": "I now come to speak of the cause which led them to become converts to Christianity. A certain philosopher, Meropius, a Tyrian by race, determined to acquaint himself with the country of the Indians, being stimulated to this by the example of the philosopher Metrodorus, who had previously travelled through the region of India.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 300,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 330,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 4th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Meropius",
          "Metrodorus"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tyre",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The philosopher Meropius decides to visit India, inspired by Metrodorus's earlier travels.",
        "tags": [
          "Travel",
          "India",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Meropius Brings Two Kinsmen",
      "chunk_data": "Having taken with him therefore two youths to whom he was related, who were by no means ignorant of the Greek language, Meropius reached the country by ship; and when he had inspected whatever he wished, he touched at a certain place which had a safe harbor, for the purpose of procuring some necessaries.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 300,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 330,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 4th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Meropius",
          "Edesius",
          "Frumentius"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Meropius travels by ship to India with his two Greek-speaking young kinsmen and stops at a safe harbor for supplies.",
        "tags": [
          "Travel",
          "India",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Indian Attackers Kill Meropius",
      "chunk_data": "It so happened that a little before that time the treaty between the Romans and Indians had been violated.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 300,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 330,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 4th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "India",
          "Roman Empire"
        ],
        "event": "The treaty between the Romans and Indians is violated.",
        "tags": [
          "Politics",
          "India",
          "Rome"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Youths Become Captives",
      "chunk_data": "The Indians, therefore, having seized the philosopher and those who sailed with him, killed them all except his two youthful kinsmen; but sparing them from compassion for their tender age, they sent them as a gift to the king of the Indians.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 300,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 330,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 4th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Meropius",
          "Edesius",
          "Frumentius",
          "King of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Indians kill Meropius and his companions but spare Edesius and Frumentius, sending them to the Indian king.",
        "tags": [
          "Conflict",
          "Captivity",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Edesius and Frumentius Enter Service",
      "chunk_data": "He being pleased with the personal appearance of the youths, constituted one of them, whose name was Edesius, cup-bearer at his table; the other, named Frumentius, he entrusted with the care of the royal records.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 300,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 330,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 4th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Edesius",
          "Frumentius",
          "King of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Indian king appoints Edesius as cup-bearer and entrusts Frumentius with the royal records.",
        "tags": [
          "Politics",
          "India",
          "Royal Court"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Youths Govern the Kingdom",
      "chunk_data": "The king dying soon after, left them free, the government devolving on his wife and infant son. Now the queen seeing her son thus left in his minority, begged the young men to undertake the charge of him, until he should become of adult age. Accordingly, the youths accepted the task, and entered on the administration of the kingdom.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 300,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 330,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 4th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Edesius",
          "Frumentius",
          "Queen of India",
          "King of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "After the king's death, Edesius and Frumentius administer the kingdom for the queen and her infant son.",
        "tags": [
          "Politics",
          "India",
          "Royal Court"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Frumentius Finds Roman Christians",
      "chunk_data": "Thus Frumentius controlled all things and made it a task to enquire whether among the Roman merchants trafficking with that country there were any Christians to be found: and having discovered some, he informed them who he was, and exhorted them to select and occupy some appropriate places for the celebration of Christian worship.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 300,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 330,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 4th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Frumentius",
          "Roman merchants"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Frumentius searches among Roman merchants for Christians and encourages them to establish places for Christian worship.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Mission",
          "Trade"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Frumentius Builds a Church",
      "chunk_data": "In the course of a little while he built a house of prayer; and having instructed some of the Indians in the principles of Christianity, they fitted them for participation in the worship.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 300,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 330,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 4th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Frumentius"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Frumentius builds a house of prayer and instructs Indians in Christian principles and worship.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Mission",
          "Church"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Frumentius Resigns Power",
      "chunk_data": "On the young king's reaching maturity, Frumentius and his associates resigned to him the administration of public affairs, in the management of which they had honorably acquitted themselves, and besought permission to return to their own country.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 320,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 337,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 320-337 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Frumentius",
          "Edesius",
          "Young king of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Frumentius and his associates return governmental authority to the mature king and ask to leave India.",
        "tags": [
          "Politics",
          "India",
          "Leadership"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 14,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The King Asks Them to Stay",
      "chunk_data": "Both the king and his mother entreated them to remain; but being desirous of revisiting their native place, they could not be prevailed on, and consequently departed.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 320,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 337,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 320-337 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Frumentius",
          "Edesius",
          "King of India",
          "Queen of India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The king and his mother ask Frumentius and Edesius to remain, but the two men leave India.",
        "tags": [
          "India",
          "Travel",
          "Royal Court"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 15,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Edesius Returns to Tyre",
      "chunk_data": "Edesius for his part hastened to Tyre to see his parents and kindred;",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 320,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 337,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 320-337 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Edesius"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India",
          "Tyre"
        ],
        "event": "Edesius travels from India to Tyre to see his parents and relatives.",
        "tags": [
          "Travel",
          "India",
          "Tyre"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 16,
      "chapter_name": "c.345-410. Rufinus of Aquileia on the Introduction of Christianity to India",
      "page_numbers": [
        7
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00031-79770808433eab3105a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Frumentius Reports to Athanasius",
      "chunk_data": "but Frumentius arriving at Alexandria, reported the affairs to Athanasius the bishop, who had but recently been invested with dignity; and acquainted",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 328,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 337,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 328-337 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Frumentius",
          "Athanasius"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India",
          "Alexandria"
        ],
        "event": "Frumentius arrives in Alexandria and reports the Indian affairs to Bishop Athanasius.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Mission",
          "Alexandria"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}