{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Caste and Christian Practice",
      "chunk_data": "The question of the relationship between the traditional caste structures and the practices of the Christian church was an important issue in Tanjore and Tranquebar Protestant churches during the eighteenth century.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Caste relations became an important issue in the Protestant churches of Tanjore and Tranquebar.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Schwartz Addresses Caste",
      "chunk_data": "Schwartz had to deal with this problem frequently.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Christian Schwartz repeatedly addressed caste-related problems in the churches.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Description of Church Caste",
      "chunk_data": "The following is a description of the way in which the caste was dealt with in the church during the time of Schwartz.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz",
          "H. Pearson"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "A contemporary account describes how caste was handled in Schwartz's church.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Congregations of Mixed Castes",
      "chunk_data": "'Concerning the question about castes,' he (Schwartz) observes, 'both at Tranquebar and here, our congregations consist of nearly an equal number of the higher and the lower.'",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tranquebar",
          "Tanjore"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz reports that the congregations at Tranquebar and Tanjore contained nearly equal numbers of higher- and lower-caste Christians.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Church"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Difficulties between Castes",
      "chunk_data": "He then refers particularly to the difficulties which naturally arose as to the intercourse between natives of different castes, even after their conversion to that divine religion, which while it invariably recognises the distinction of rank in civil society, teaches that all are brethren, as the children of the same common Father, and the disciples of the same meek and lowly Saviour.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz describes tensions between Christians of different castes despite Christian teaching about shared brotherhood.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Separate Church Seating",
      "chunk_data": "'Here,' he continues, 'the men and women of the higher caste sit on one side of the church, and on the other, those of the lower.'",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Higher- and lower-caste men and women sat on opposite sides of the church.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Church"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Avoiding Unnecessary Restraint",
      "chunk_data": "'I have carefully avoided all unnecessary restraint, and thus have met with fewer difficulties.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz avoided unnecessary restrictions in order to reduce caste-related difficulties.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Lower-Caste Communion Participation",
      "chunk_data": "Even at the administration of the sacrament, sometimes one or other of the lower caste has first approached to receive it, without producing any unpleasant sensation.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Lower-caste Christians sometimes approached first to receive the sacrament without causing discomfort.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Sacraments"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Appearance of Lower-Caste Christians",
      "chunk_data": "Should you visit our church on a Sunday, you would observe with surprise the clean appearance of the lower caste, so that one might often take them for the higher.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz remarks that the cleanliness of lower-caste Christians made them appear to be of the higher caste.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Society"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Objection to Eating Dead Cattle",
      "chunk_data": "What renders them peculiarly obnoxious, is their practice of feeding upon dead cattle.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz identifies the practice of eating dead cattle as a source of hostility toward lower-caste people.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Society"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Schwartz Rejects the Custom",
      "chunk_data": "I have always expressed the utmost abhorrence of such a custom, and positively declared that I would not allow it, and accordingly I hardly know any instance of it here.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz condemned the eating of dead cattle and refused to permit the practice in his church.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Church"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Caste of Church Workers",
      "chunk_data": "The country priests and catechists generally belong to one of the higher castes.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz",
          "Country priests",
          "Catechists"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Most country priests and catechists belonged to higher castes.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Church"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Catechist Gabriel's Position",
      "chunk_data": "The catechist Gabriel is, indeed, of the lower; but notwithstanding this, he converses freely with people of a higher class, as he pays particular attention to cleanliness in his dress.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Gabriel",
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tanjore",
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Gabriel, a lower-caste catechist, spoke freely with higher-class people because of his careful dress and cleanliness.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Church"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 14,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Caste Intercourse Inland",
      "chunk_data": "In the interior of the country, such intercourse is certainly not so easy.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Interior Tamil country"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz observes that interaction between people of different castes was more difficult inland.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Society"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 15,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Visit to a Heathen Household",
      "chunk_data": "I was lately invited to the house of a heathen of the higher caste, when the pariar catechist came to me.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz",
          "Pariar catechist"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tamil country"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz was invited to the house of a high-caste non-Christian while a Pariar catechist approached him.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Society"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 16,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Schwartz Addresses the Catechist",
      "chunk_data": "I called to him, 'Stop; I will come to you; the suttirer, that is, the people of the higher caste, have not yet learned to be humble: they are proud sinners—yet we must bear with them.'",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz",
          "Pariar catechist"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tamil country"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz told the Pariar catechist that higher-caste people were proud sinners who nevertheless had to be tolerated.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Society"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 17,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Kindness toward the Catechist",
      "chunk_data": "This they were not willing to admit, and accordingly showed kindness to the catechist.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz",
          "Pariar catechist",
          "Higher-caste people"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tamil country"
        ],
        "event": "The higher-caste people rejected Schwartz's characterization and treated the catechist kindly.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Society"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 18,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Teaching in a Heathen House",
      "chunk_data": "In another place, in the house of a heathen, many people assembled, whom I catechised and prayed with, and we even had divine service there on Sunday.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tamil country"
        ],
        "event": "Schwartz taught and prayed with an assembled group and conducted divine service in a non-Christian household on Sunday.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Mission",
          "Worship"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 19,
      "chapter_name": "1787. Schwartz on Casteism at Tanjore and Tranquebar",
      "page_numbers": [
        69
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00093-90706f6418160ad97ff2.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Heathen Host Listens",
      "chunk_data": "The master of the house sat down at my feet, listening with great attention. O!",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1787,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1787,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1787 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian Schwartz",
          "Master of the house"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tamil country"
        ],
        "event": "The non-Christian household's master sat at Schwartz's feet and listened attentively to his teaching.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Mission",
          "Conversion"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}