{ "book_metadata": { "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials", "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose", "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge", "published_on": "2011" }, "chunks": [ { "chunk_index": 1, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 65 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00089-a9c2cbbef7a02cf85f5f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Chapter Source and Context", "chunk_data": "This is an account of the conversations between Christian Frederick Schwartz and local Hindus, in which the latter react negatively towards Christianity as practiced by the Europeans. It also indicates that at least some of these Hindus believed that one would gain material advantage by conversion to Christianity, though Schwartz himself discouraged this idea. From Hugh Pearson, Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of the Rev. Christian Swartz, Vol. I, pp. 89-94.", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Hugh Pearson" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "The source describes Schwartz's conversations with Hindus about European Christianity and conversion.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Christianity", "Colonialism" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 2, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 65 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00089-a9c2cbbef7a02cf85f5f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The Merchant on Creation", "chunk_data": "A Hindu merchant said to him, God has created us to the end that we should know and serve him. This Swartz confirmed, and then added with regret, that although God had given him and many of his countrymen a knowledge of the end of their creation, yet they remained in idolatry, and thus unhappily never attained it.", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Hindu merchant" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "A Hindu merchant affirmed that humanity was created to know and serve God, and Schwartz lamented the persistence of idolatry.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Christianity" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 3, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 65 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00089-a9c2cbbef7a02cf85f5f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Schwartz Proclaims Christ", "chunk_data": "He then declared the doctrine of Christ, and pointed Him out as the only way to the true and saving knowledge of God.", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Jesus Christ" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Schwartz presented Jesus Christ as the only path to saving knowledge of God.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 4, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 65 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00089-a9c2cbbef7a02cf85f5f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "A Merchant Questions Schwartz", "chunk_data": "Another wealthy old merchant, who understood Danish, English, and French, said to him, Sir, be not displeased: I wish to ask you a question. Do all Europeans speak like you?'", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Wealthy Hindu merchant" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "A wealthy multilingual Hindu merchant questioned Schwartz about whether all Europeans shared his religious manner.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Cultural Exchange" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 5, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 65 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00089-a9c2cbbef7a02cf85f5f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Schwartz Distinguishes Europeans", "chunk_data": "Swartz replied, that all Europeans were not true Christians; but that there were many who were really so, and who sincerely prayed for the Hindoos that they might become acquainted with Jesus Christ.", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Jesus Christ" ], "places": [ "India", "Europe" ], "event": "Schwartz acknowledged that not all Europeans were true Christians but said many sincerely prayed for Hindus to know Jesus Christ.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Religion", "Europe" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 6, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 65 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00089-a9c2cbbef7a02cf85f5f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The Merchant Condemns Europeans", "chunk_data": "'You astonish me,' said he 'for, from what we daily observe and experience, we cannot but think Europeans, with but few exceptions, to be self-interested, incontinent, proud, full of illiberal contempt and prejudice against us Hindoos, and even against their own religion, especially the higher classes. So at least I have found it with majority of those with whom I have had any intercourse.'", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Wealthy Hindu merchant", "Christian Frederick Schwartz" ], "places": [ "India", "Europe" ], "event": "The merchant accused most Europeans, especially the upper classes, of selfishness, pride, prejudice, and contempt toward Hindus and even their own religion.", "tags": [ "Colonialism", "Religion", "Cultural Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 7, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 65 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00089-a9c2cbbef7a02cf85f5f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "European Conduct Hinders Conversion", "chunk_data": "This is a reproach which has been but too justly thrown upon Europeans by the unenlightened natives of India, and has ever formed one of the most powerful obstacles to their conversion to Christianity. It is, however, a reproach which, though still too frequently deserved, has of late years been considerably removed by the improved character and conduct of our own countrymen; more particularly in stations of influence and authority. May it daily become less merited!", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz" ], "places": [ "India", "Europe" ], "event": "The source acknowledged that European misconduct obstructed conversion to Christianity, although conduct had improved in positions of authority.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Colonialism", "Conversion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 8, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 65 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00089-a9c2cbbef7a02cf85f5f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The Dancing Girl Challenges Schwartz", "chunk_data": "Swartz one day met a Hindoo dancing-master, with his female pupil, and told them, that no unholy persons shall enter into the kingdom of heaven. Alas, sir!' said the poor girl, in that case hardly any European will ever enter it; and passed on.", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Hindu dancing-master", "Female dancing pupil" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "A dancing pupil retorted that, by Schwartz's standard of holiness, hardly any European would enter heaven.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Christianity", "Social Criticism" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 9, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 65, 66 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00089-a9c2cbbef7a02cf85f5f.webp", "raw\\pages\\00090-065972dc4b95f9ffc069.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The Pandaram Defends His Idol", "chunk_data": "Having asked a Pandaram, or Hindoo devotee, who carried about an idol, why he did so; For my support,' said he. Swartz reproved him for his baseness, and inquired the name of his idol. He replied by a Tamil word signifying, 'He that removes evil.' Upon this, the missionary spoke to him of Jesus, as the only Saviour who took away the sins of the world.", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Pandaram", "Jesus Christ" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Schwartz questioned a Pandaram about carrying an idol, reproved his motive, and presented Jesus as the only Saviour from sin.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Christianity", "Idolatry" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 10, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 66 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00090-065972dc4b95f9ffc069.webp" ], "chunk_title": "A Hindu Claims One God", "chunk_data": "A Hindoo pretended that he and his countrymen worshipped the same God as the Christians did, only under other names.", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Hindu interlocutor" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "A Hindu claimed that Hindus and Christians worshipped the same God under different names.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Christianity", "Interfaith Debate" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 11, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 66 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00090-065972dc4b95f9ffc069.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Schwartz Defines the True God", "chunk_data": "Swartz replied, 'The true God must possess divine perfections; such as supreme wisdom, omniscience, omnipotence, holiness, justice. Now, nothing of this is found in your divinities; but, by your own records, ignorance, impurity, cruelty. How can it be said of such that they are gods? You have a proverb, that where sin is, there is no excellence. Now you acknowledge the practices ascribed to your gods to be sinful; consequently, by your own confession, they are unworthy of the name.'", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Schwartz argued that the true God must possess wisdom, omniscience, omnipotence, holiness, and justice, qualities he denied to the Hindu divinities.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Christianity", "Theology" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 12, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 66 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00090-065972dc4b95f9ffc069.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Faith and the Sugar Analogy", "chunk_data": "'That is very true,' said the Hindoo; but if we receive even what is false, and think it to be true in our heart, it is done to us according to our faith.' 'How can you adopt,' answered Swartz, a sophism, which you yourselves, on other occasions, reject? You are accustomed to say, \"If one write the word sugar, and then lick his finger, it will not on that account become sweet, though he believe it ever so firmly \".\"", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Hindu interlocutor" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "A Hindu defended sincere belief in false worship, while Schwartz countered with the analogy that writing the word sugar cannot make it sweet.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Christianity", "Theology" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 13, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 66 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00090-065972dc4b95f9ffc069.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Evidence for Salvation Requested", "chunk_data": "A native objected, 'Show us any one who has embraced your religion, and has been actually saved, and we will believe you.'", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Native interlocutor" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "A native demanded proof of someone who had embraced Christianity and been saved.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Christianity", "Conversion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 14, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 66 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00090-065972dc4b95f9ffc069.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Schwartz Appeals to Scripture", "chunk_data": "Swartz answered, in the spirit of Abraham's reply in the parable of the rich man and Lazarus, 'God has given you his word-prove and examine it. Such an evidence as you require is not the appointed way of becoming convinced of the truth; for the devil can transform himself into an angel of light.'", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Abraham", "Lazarus" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Schwartz directed the native to examine God's word rather than demand the specific evidence he requested.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Christianity", "Scripture" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 15, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 66 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00090-065972dc4b95f9ffc069.webp" ], "chunk_title": "A Hindu Denies the Soul", "chunk_data": "Another observed, 'I am surprised to hear you say, that if we forsake Paganism, our souls will be happy, and that if we do not, God will punish us. What is the soul? A breath, which, when it has left the body, is blown away with other winds. You may perceive this by our holding the hand to a dying person's mouth, to feel whether there is breath. If there be, life is still in him. Thus breath and the soul are one and the same thing. Who can say that wind shall be punished? What is God? Can he be seen? He is the universe. I died: - that means nothing more than that my body is resolved into its original elements-water, fire, earth, air. But the existence of such a spirit within me as you speak of, I believe not. Where is it when I sleep, I sleep, when I see no one or though one touch me, I do not feel it?'", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Hindu interlocutor" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "A Hindu argued that the soul was merely breath, denied divine judgment and a personal spirit, and identified God with the universe.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Theology", "Philosophy" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 16, "chapter_name": "1751. Schwartz on the Hindu Reaction to Europeans and Christianity", "page_numbers": [ 66 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00090-065972dc4b95f9ffc069.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Schwartz Explains the Soul", "chunk_data": "Swartz replied to each point. He reminded the objector of the operations of the soul, such as thinking, judging, determining; and asked, whether wind was capable of these? Whether he could not by this perceive that he had a soul, which is a real being, endowed with understanding and will, and which is therefore susceptible of sorrow, anxiety, and pain. He", "time": { "start_year": 1751, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1751, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1751" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Frederick Schwartz", "Hindu interlocutor" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Schwartz argued that thought, judgment, and decision proved the soul was a real being possessing understanding and will.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Theology", "Philosophy" ] } } ] }