{"pages":{"357":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00381-b35ff11ddce0c0f8d040.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":442,"y":145,"width":253,"height":20}},{"text":"357","box":{"x":981,"y":144,"width":59,"height":22}},{"text":"173. S. RADHAKRISHNAN ON CHRISTIANITY (1933 A.D.)","box":{"x":110,"y":218,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"In lectures given at the Mary Ward Settlement, London, on 18th","box":{"x":197,"y":277,"width":788,"height":29}},{"text":"March 1930, which were published in 1933, S. Radhakrishnan criti-","box":{"x":157,"y":301,"width":829,"height":29}},{"text":"cally examines what he believes to have been the degradation of primi-","box":{"x":158,"y":326,"width":829,"height":31}},{"text":"tive Christianity under subsequent European influence. These lectures","box":{"x":155,"y":353,"width":830,"height":28}},{"text":"were incorporated in sections VI, VII and VIII of S. Radhakrishnan,","box":{"x":155,"y":377,"width":829,"height":28}},{"text":"East and West in Religion, pp. 57-65.","box":{"x":154,"y":402,"width":438,"height":25}},{"text":"VI. The Religion of Jesus and Western Christianity","box":{"x":215,"y":473,"width":711,"height":32}},{"text":"The difference between the Eastern and the Western approaches","box":{"x":148,"y":528,"width":884,"height":34}},{"text":"and attitudes to religion becomes evident when we compare the life","box":{"x":106,"y":555,"width":926,"height":35}},{"text":"of Jesus, and His teaching as recorded in the Gospels, with the","box":{"x":106,"y":582,"width":928,"height":36}},{"text":"Nicene Creed. It is the difference between a type of personality","box":{"x":101,"y":611,"width":931,"height":34}},{"text":"and a set of dogmas, between a way of life and a scheme of meta-","box":{"x":103,"y":639,"width":929,"height":34}},{"text":"physics. The characteristics of intuitive realization, non-dogmatic","box":{"x":102,"y":666,"width":928,"height":32}},{"text":"toleration, as well as insistence on the non-agressive virtues and","box":{"x":105,"y":694,"width":926,"height":34}},{"text":"universalist ethics, mark Jesus out as a typical Eastern seer. On","box":{"x":103,"y":722,"width":928,"height":35}},{"text":"the other hand, the emphasis on definite creeds and absolute dog-","box":{"x":103,"y":747,"width":931,"height":36}},{"text":"matism, with its consequences of intolerance, exclusiveness and","box":{"x":101,"y":777,"width":929,"height":34}},{"text":"confusion of piety with patriotism, are the striking features of","box":{"x":101,"y":803,"width":935,"height":35}},{"text":"Western Christianity.","box":{"x":99,"y":830,"width":297,"height":32}},{"text":"Jesus' religion was one of love and sympathy, tolerance and","box":{"x":148,"y":889,"width":880,"height":35}},{"text":"inwardness. He founded no organization but enjoined only private","box":{"x":105,"y":917,"width":924,"height":36}},{"text":"prayer. He was utterly indifferent to labels and creeds. He made","box":{"x":101,"y":942,"width":926,"height":35}},{"text":"no distinction between Jew and Gentile, Roman and Greek. He","box":{"x":103,"y":973,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"did not profess to teach a new religion but only deepened spiritual","box":{"x":98,"y":1002,"width":929,"height":34}},{"text":"life. He formulated no doctrine and did not sacrifice thinking to","box":{"x":101,"y":1028,"width":928,"height":34}},{"text":"believing. He learned and taught in the synagogues of the Jews.","box":{"x":98,"y":1056,"width":931,"height":38}},{"text":"He observed their ritual so long as it did not blind men to the inner","box":{"x":99,"y":1085,"width":928,"height":31}},{"text":"light. He attached no importance to professions of allegiance.","box":{"x":102,"y":1113,"width":924,"height":35}},{"text":"There is nothing in common between the simple truths taught by","box":{"x":99,"y":1142,"width":928,"height":32}},{"text":"Jesus and the Church militant with its hierarchic constitution and","box":{"x":102,"y":1170,"width":925,"height":28}},{"text":"external tests of membership, but the change was inevitable when","box":{"x":99,"y":1197,"width":928,"height":34}},{"text":"Christianity went to Rome and took over the traditions of Caesar.","box":{"x":99,"y":1225,"width":924,"height":29}},{"text":"When the Greek dialecticians and Roman lawyers succeeded to the","box":{"x":95,"y":1252,"width":931,"height":32}},{"text":"Jewish divines and the prophets, Christian theology became logical","box":{"x":98,"y":1279,"width":926,"height":34}},{"text":"in form and based on law. The The spirit was the Jew's but the letter","box":{"x":96,"y":1303,"width":929,"height":39}},{"text":"or the dogma was the Greek's, and the policy and the organization","box":{"x":98,"y":1338,"width":925,"height":32}},{"text":"were the Roman's. Jesus reveals through His life and commands","box":{"x":95,"y":1365,"width":926,"height":31}},{"text":"through His teaching the possibility of a life of a higher quality","box":{"x":96,"y":1391,"width":929,"height":35}},{"text":"than that which is normal to man. He does not discuss intricacies","box":{"x":96,"y":1419,"width":926,"height":31}},{"text":"of Theology and ritual, but proclaims love of God or insight into","box":{"x":95,"y":1447,"width":928,"height":34}},{"text":"the nature of reality, and love of man or oneness with the purpose","box":{"x":95,"y":1475,"width":928,"height":36}},{"text":"of the universe, as the central truths of religion. Transplanted into","box":{"x":98,"y":1503,"width":926,"height":36}}]},"358":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00382-00bb935c9032e7417f51.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"358","box":{"x":134,"y":162,"width":53,"height":18}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":360,"y":156,"width":480,"height":24}},{"text":"the West, creeds and dogmas took the place of vision and prophecy,","box":{"x":136,"y":205,"width":922,"height":35}},{"text":"and intricate subtleties of scholasticism displaced the simple love","box":{"x":136,"y":234,"width":925,"height":32}},{"text":"of God. The question for the Church is not whether the ideas","box":{"x":137,"y":262,"width":922,"height":32}},{"text":"it represents are spiritually worthy, but what are the ways and","box":{"x":140,"y":289,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"means by which the society can be held together. Roman ideas","box":{"x":137,"y":319,"width":921,"height":32}},{"text":"and institutions influenced the ecclesiastical organization.","box":{"x":136,"y":347,"width":785,"height":31}},{"text":"VII. The Incarnation and the Trinity","box":{"x":347,"y":423,"width":511,"height":28}},{"text":"For Jesus piety is not a matter of knowledge, nor is ignorance","box":{"x":188,"y":470,"width":876,"height":36}},{"text":"the cause of impiety. His simple faith appealed to the uncultured","box":{"x":140,"y":499,"width":925,"height":35}},{"text":"peasants. Celsus sarcastically declared that the law of admission","box":{"x":143,"y":527,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"to the Christian community was: 'Let no educated man enter,","box":{"x":143,"y":554,"width":922,"height":36}},{"text":"no wise man, no prudent man, for such things we deem evil; but","box":{"x":144,"y":582,"width":924,"height":35}},{"text":"whoever is ignorant, whoever is unintelligent, whoever is uneducated,","box":{"x":140,"y":608,"width":926,"height":38}},{"text":"whoever is simple, let him come and be welcome.' Tertullian asked,","box":{"x":139,"y":639,"width":929,"height":36}},{"text":"* What resemblance is there between a philosopher and a Christian,","box":{"x":141,"y":667,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"between a disciple of Greece and a disciple of heaven?' And yet","box":{"x":144,"y":693,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"this simple faith, which seems to be so radically opposed to the","box":{"x":144,"y":722,"width":925,"height":35}},{"text":"Greek temperament, when taken over by the Greeks is transformed","box":{"x":140,"y":749,"width":931,"height":35}},{"text":"into a theological scheme.","box":{"x":150,"y":781,"width":355,"height":29}},{"text":"The Greeks and Romans were interested in God as a theoretical","box":{"x":195,"y":828,"width":875,"height":28}},{"text":"explanation of the universe. The relation of the infinite to the","box":{"x":146,"y":856,"width":928,"height":34}},{"text":"finite was the outstanding problem of Greek philosophy, and the","box":{"x":151,"y":884,"width":921,"height":34}},{"text":"solutions offered by Plato and Aristotle were ambiguous and un-","box":{"x":150,"y":911,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"satisfactory. The incarnation theory offered a way out. God is","box":{"x":150,"y":939,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"no longer separated by a meaningless distance from the human","box":{"x":147,"y":967,"width":926,"height":36}},{"text":"world, but has actually entered into humanity, thus making possible","box":{"x":146,"y":994,"width":926,"height":34}},{"text":"the ultimate unity of the human race with God. In Jesus we have","box":{"x":148,"y":1024,"width":924,"height":32}},{"text":"the union of the divine and the human. The spaceless spirit has","box":{"x":147,"y":1053,"width":925,"height":31}},{"text":"penetrated the world of sense, The Nicene Creed is an answer to","box":{"x":148,"y":1079,"width":924,"height":35}},{"text":"a problem of Greek metaphysics and not of Jewish religion. Since","box":{"x":150,"y":1107,"width":922,"height":32}},{"text":"its formulation there have been many doctrinal controversies.","box":{"x":153,"y":1135,"width":858,"height":32}},{"text":"We notice also the gradual transformation of a rigid mono-","box":{"x":196,"y":1178,"width":876,"height":38}},{"text":"theism into a trinitarian Godhead. The Greeks worshipped not","box":{"x":151,"y":1212,"width":921,"height":32}},{"text":"merely Father Zeus but a whole society of gods and goddesses.","box":{"x":153,"y":1240,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"In Greco-Latin paganism Zeus was conceived as Jupiter and as the","box":{"x":150,"y":1268,"width":922,"height":36}},{"text":"head of all the gods and goddesses who shared his divinity. When","box":{"x":147,"y":1298,"width":925,"height":32}},{"text":"pagan polytheism and Jewish monotheism became fused together,","box":{"x":146,"y":1326,"width":925,"height":36}},{"text":"the Catholic God, a God who is a society, arose. The Roman","box":{"x":146,"y":1350,"width":926,"height":36}},{"text":"emperors, keen on dissolving the distinction between the citizen-","box":{"x":147,"y":1382,"width":922,"height":36}},{"text":"ship of the State and membership of the Church, took up the local","box":{"x":146,"y":1410,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"deities and converted them into Christian saints.","box":{"x":147,"y":1441,"width":676,"height":27}},{"text":"The Roman Empire failed to destroy Christianity by persecution,","box":{"x":190,"y":1488,"width":880,"height":35}},{"text":"but the hour of her victory over Rome signalized the defeat of the","box":{"x":144,"y":1516,"width":926,"height":32}}]},"359":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00383-99764c0621e1545b5ed6.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":435,"y":161,"width":252,"height":18}},{"text":"359","box":{"x":974,"y":157,"width":55,"height":21}},{"text":"Gospel of Jesus. Christianity became bound up with the civili-","box":{"x":91,"y":210,"width":933,"height":34}},{"text":"zation under which it grew. The Church became the depository","box":{"x":95,"y":237,"width":929,"height":31}},{"text":"of sacred wisdom, a sort of reservoir of theological secrets and not","box":{"x":94,"y":265,"width":929,"height":32}},{"text":"a spring.","box":{"x":95,"y":295,"width":125,"height":28}},{"text":"Christianity is a syncretistic faith, a blend of various earlier","box":{"x":143,"y":354,"width":879,"height":31}},{"text":"creeds. The Jew, the Greek and the Roman as well as the races","box":{"x":94,"y":382,"width":928,"height":28}},{"text":"of the Mediterranean basin have contributed to it, with the result","box":{"x":92,"y":412,"width":929,"height":29}},{"text":"that, in spite of anxiety for system, this is lacking. Its ideas about","box":{"x":95,"y":438,"width":928,"height":31}},{"text":"God, to take one example, vary between a loving father, a severe","box":{"x":90,"y":466,"width":932,"height":32}},{"text":"judge, a detective officer, a hard schoolmaster and the head of the","box":{"x":91,"y":496,"width":932,"height":28}},{"text":"clerical profession.","box":{"x":94,"y":524,"width":259,"height":28}},{"text":"VIII. Hospitality of Early Christianity and its Absence in later","box":{"x":90,"y":618,"width":933,"height":31}},{"text":"Christianity","box":{"x":479,"y":652,"width":164,"height":27}},{"text":"When once religious faith becomes confused with dogmatic","box":{"x":140,"y":713,"width":884,"height":29}},{"text":"creeds, exclusiveness and intolerance become inevitable. Christia-","box":{"x":97,"y":739,"width":925,"height":28}},{"text":"nity in its early form was quite hospitable to Western thought and","box":{"x":95,"y":767,"width":928,"height":34}},{"text":"beliefs with which it came into contact. The Fourth Gospel","box":{"x":97,"y":794,"width":925,"height":31}},{"text":"adopted the doctrine of the Logos and took up the position that","box":{"x":95,"y":823,"width":925,"height":31}},{"text":"those who worshipped Christ were not setting up a new god.","box":{"x":94,"y":850,"width":928,"height":31}},{"text":"The Fourth Evangelist was not troubled by the fact that the Logos","box":{"x":92,"y":877,"width":929,"height":32}},{"text":"doctrine was Greek in origin and had heathen associations. No","box":{"x":92,"y":906,"width":928,"height":29}},{"text":"canons of orthodoxy bound him to a narrow Jewish faith. Justin","box":{"x":92,"y":935,"width":932,"height":32}},{"text":"Martyr could say: \"The teachings of Plato are not alien to those","box":{"x":92,"y":962,"width":929,"height":31}},{"text":"of Christ, though not in all respects similar. For all the writers","box":{"x":94,"y":990,"width":926,"height":31}},{"text":"were able to have a dim vision of realities by means of the indwelling","box":{"x":95,"y":1019,"width":928,"height":29}},{"text":"seed of the implanted word.' And yet in the fourth century Chris-","box":{"x":94,"y":1046,"width":926,"height":29}},{"text":"tianity developed an attitude of intolerance. The great library at","box":{"x":95,"y":1074,"width":926,"height":31}},{"text":"Alexandria founded by the first Ptolemy in the third century B.C.","box":{"x":91,"y":1101,"width":928,"height":31}},{"text":"and lavishly endowed by his successors was finally destroyed under","box":{"x":95,"y":1130,"width":926,"height":31}},{"text":"the orders of the Christian emperor Theodosius the Great in","box":{"x":95,"y":1158,"width":926,"height":31}},{"text":"A.D. 289, because it was known to be a hotbed of paganism. A","box":{"x":91,"y":1186,"width":935,"height":31}},{"text":"few centuries later, when Christianity came into contact with Islam,","box":{"x":95,"y":1214,"width":925,"height":29}},{"text":"it did not adopt the liberal attitude of the earlier stage and try to","box":{"x":92,"y":1242,"width":929,"height":32}},{"text":"find out the elements of truth in Islam, but fought it bitterly and","box":{"x":94,"y":1270,"width":929,"height":31}},{"text":"bigotedly. Even if we admit that Islam is a militant organization,","box":{"x":91,"y":1297,"width":929,"height":32}},{"text":"a fighting brotherhood in which a rigorous discipline is imposed","box":{"x":95,"y":1324,"width":926,"height":34}},{"text":"on its followers by means of the scripture of the Quran an and the organs","box":{"x":95,"y":1349,"width":925,"height":35}},{"text":"of interpretation, we cannot deny that the conception of brother-","box":{"x":91,"y":1381,"width":929,"height":34}},{"text":"hood in Islam transcends all barriers of race and nationality, a","box":{"x":92,"y":1409,"width":932,"height":34}},{"text":"feature which does not characterize many other religions. To-day","box":{"x":94,"y":1437,"width":931,"height":35}},{"text":"when Christianity is faced by the religion of India, it is adopting an","box":{"x":87,"y":1464,"width":936,"height":34}},{"text":"attitude of unbending self-sufficiency. It has lost the features of","box":{"x":92,"y":1490,"width":935,"height":35}},{"text":"teachability and tolerance which characterized it in its early days.","box":{"x":94,"y":1521,"width":903,"height":34}}]},"360":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00384-f6d08470915a465b4efc.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"360","box":{"x":139,"y":175,"width":57,"height":20}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":364,"y":176,"width":479,"height":21}},{"text":"The","box":{"x":1008,"y":281,"width":52,"height":29}},{"text":"It has ceased to be a religion of growth and freedom and become:","box":{"x":188,"y":225,"width":880,"height":32}},{"text":"one of regimentation. The Church is the bearer of the revelation","box":{"x":143,"y":253,"width":918,"height":32}},{"text":"and only the revelation, not the Church, is authoritative.","box":{"x":140,"y":282,"width":829,"height":31}},{"text":"prophetic element is authoritative and not its formulations. The","box":{"x":136,"y":309,"width":925,"height":32}},{"text":"Church formulates dogma in terms of the current thought, but","box":{"x":136,"y":335,"width":925,"height":34}},{"text":"she cannot claim absolute intellectual finality for any dogma or","box":{"x":140,"y":365,"width":922,"height":32}},{"text":"formula. The thinking of the past in no way renders unnecessary","box":{"x":143,"y":393,"width":918,"height":32}},{"text":"the thinking of the present. The contrast between the free and","box":{"x":141,"y":420,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"simple religion of Jesus, and the dogmatic system of the Church,","box":{"x":141,"y":449,"width":921,"height":32}},{"text":"is brought out in the Chapter on 'The Grand Inquisitor' in Dostoe-","box":{"x":143,"y":476,"width":922,"height":32}},{"text":"vsky's book The Brothers Karamzov. The Grand Inquisitor explains","box":{"x":143,"y":505,"width":917,"height":31}},{"text":"to Jesus that the Church has undone his work, corrected it and","box":{"x":136,"y":532,"width":925,"height":29}},{"text":"refounded it on the basis of authority. The souls of men were","box":{"x":143,"y":560,"width":921,"height":29}},{"text":"indeed like sheep and could not endure the terrible gift of freedom","box":{"x":144,"y":589,"width":917,"height":31}},{"text":"which Jesus brought. The Church has been merciful in keeping man","box":{"x":137,"y":614,"width":925,"height":34}},{"text":"from knowledge and free inquiry. It has made mental slaves of","box":{"x":141,"y":642,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"its members. Belief is heaven and heresy hell. Consider the","box":{"x":144,"y":670,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"repressive legislation of Theodosius, which by heavy penalties","box":{"x":146,"y":699,"width":917,"height":36}},{"text":"forbade the practice of any other religion than Christianity, the","box":{"x":143,"y":727,"width":919,"height":31}},{"text":"closing of the schools of philosophy at Athens by Justinian, the","box":{"x":140,"y":753,"width":921,"height":36}},{"text":"Albigensian Crusades, the Dominican Inquisitions, the Acts of","box":{"x":137,"y":783,"width":929,"height":32}},{"text":"Supremacy and Uniformity in Elizabethan England, the religious","box":{"x":143,"y":807,"width":919,"height":35}},{"text":"wars of the seventeenth century and the cruelties perpetrated upon","box":{"x":139,"y":838,"width":925,"height":34}},{"text":"the anabaptists. Pius IX declared, Let us most firmly hold that","box":{"x":144,"y":866,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"according to Catholic doctrine, there is one God, one faith, on","box":{"x":144,"y":893,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"baptism, and to go further (in an enquiry as to the fate of souls)","box":{"x":143,"y":920,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"were sin. Even those philosophers who profess to be devotees","box":{"x":137,"y":944,"width":925,"height":39}},{"text":"of truth are unable to shake themselves free from the absolutism","box":{"x":143,"y":978,"width":919,"height":28}},{"text":"characteristic of intellectual religions. While they admit that the","box":{"x":143,"y":1006,"width":922,"height":32}},{"text":"Christian religion is not the only one, they believe that it is the","box":{"x":141,"y":1032,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"absolute expression of absolute truth. In it we have the thrusting","box":{"x":144,"y":1060,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"of the eternal into the temporal. As Hegel says: ' It is the Christian","box":{"x":141,"y":1088,"width":921,"height":32}},{"text":"religion which is the perfect religion, the religion which represents","box":{"x":146,"y":1116,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"the Being of Spirit in a realized form or for itself, the religion in","box":{"x":143,"y":1143,"width":922,"height":35}},{"text":"which religion has itself become objective in relation to itself.\"","box":{"x":137,"y":1170,"width":925,"height":35}},{"text":"But if we are true to the teaching of Jesus, we shall know that","box":{"x":139,"y":1201,"width":925,"height":31}},{"text":"absolute truth goes beyond all forms and creeds, all historic reve-","box":{"x":144,"y":1229,"width":915,"height":32}},{"text":"lations and institutions.","box":{"x":144,"y":1260,"width":339,"height":25}}]}}}