{"pages":{"111":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00135-6c6d5ed096ccf320f234.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":503,"y":153,"width":246,"height":20}},{"text":"111","box":{"x":1027,"y":146,"width":52,"height":18}},{"text":"84. REPLY TO BISHOP WILSON ON THE QUESTION OF","box":{"x":171,"y":229,"width":903,"height":27}},{"text":"CASTE DISTINCTIONS AMONG THE CHRISTIANS OF","box":{"x":172,"y":258,"width":904,"height":25}},{"text":"TANJORE (1828 A.D.)","box":{"x":468,"y":286,"width":319,"height":28}},{"text":"The Anglican bishop, Daniel Wilson, is well known for his opposi-","box":{"x":256,"y":337,"width":773,"height":31}},{"text":"tion to the maintenance of caste distinctions among Indian Christians.","box":{"x":220,"y":362,"width":808,"height":28}},{"text":"The material here quoted is a reply to Bishop Wilson's questionnaire","box":{"x":223,"y":385,"width":806,"height":31}},{"text":"(Articles of Enquiry on the Question of Caste) by the missionaries in","box":{"x":218,"y":410,"width":812,"height":31}},{"text":"Tanjore. Complete reply cited in H. Bower, An Essay on Hindu","box":{"x":223,"y":437,"width":806,"height":29}},{"text":"Caste, pp. 105-110.","box":{"x":223,"y":468,"width":221,"height":24}},{"text":"I. General","box":{"x":567,"y":533,"width":155,"height":21}},{"text":"1 and 2. The distinction of caste, though not in its full extent,","box":{"x":221,"y":592,"width":857,"height":29}},{"text":"has been observed among the Christians of Tanjore since the estab-","box":{"x":174,"y":619,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"lishment of this Mission by the late Rev. Mr. Schwartz, soon after","box":{"x":176,"y":648,"width":901,"height":29}},{"text":"the year 1762. Mr. Schwartz in permitting, with some restrictions,","box":{"x":176,"y":675,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"a custom apparently so opposite and prejudicial to the spirit of the","box":{"x":178,"y":700,"width":900,"height":36}},{"text":"Gospel, to remain in the new congregations, was guided by his own","box":{"x":169,"y":729,"width":908,"height":36}},{"text":"discretion as well as by the example of the Tranquebar Missionaries","box":{"x":172,"y":758,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"before him, and that both they and himself were actuated herein by","box":{"x":174,"y":784,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"motives of prudence and caution, is plain from several of their","box":{"x":178,"y":811,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"letters still extant.","box":{"x":176,"y":847,"width":239,"height":24}},{"text":"In the course of administration of the Mission affairs since the","box":{"x":223,"y":883,"width":857,"height":29}},{"text":"death of Mr. Schwartz, myself and several of my colleagues succes-","box":{"x":176,"y":912,"width":901,"height":32}},{"text":"sively have endeavoured to act with similar caution and forbearance","box":{"x":179,"y":938,"width":898,"height":38}},{"text":"at the same time seizing every opportunity to soften the mutual","box":{"x":179,"y":968,"width":901,"height":35}},{"text":"prejudices arising from distinction of caste, and to bring our Chris-","box":{"x":176,"y":996,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"tians by degrees into closer union with each other as brethren in one","box":{"x":179,"y":1024,"width":901,"height":34}},{"text":"Lord and Master, Christ. And we have had the satisfaction to","box":{"x":176,"y":1051,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"observe, that distinction of caste has, until of late, been seldom the","box":{"x":181,"y":1078,"width":900,"height":34}},{"text":"object of controversy among Christians, and has gradually lost a","box":{"x":178,"y":1106,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"great deal of its importance","box":{"x":176,"y":1140,"width":375,"height":29}},{"text":"4. The higher classes, at least the more intelligent and better","box":{"x":221,"y":1194,"width":859,"height":34}},{"text":"informed individuals among the Christians, do not, in the obser-","box":{"x":181,"y":1223,"width":897,"height":34}},{"text":"vance of such distinction, act from a supposition that they are","box":{"x":179,"y":1251,"width":900,"height":32}},{"text":"morally better than those of a lower class, or entitled to greater","box":{"x":179,"y":1278,"width":900,"height":34}},{"text":"spiritual privileges; but they insist on it merely as a badge of superior","box":{"x":179,"y":1307,"width":898,"height":32}},{"text":"rank in society, as an ancient civil prerogative.","box":{"x":182,"y":1335,"width":624,"height":32}},{"text":"5. They neither adhere to such distinction, because they attach","box":{"x":225,"y":1392,"width":851,"height":35}},{"text":"any real value to it per se, but because by neglecting it they would","box":{"x":182,"y":1420,"width":897,"height":35}},{"text":"give offense to high and low among heathens and Christians, lose","box":{"x":178,"y":1449,"width":900,"height":34}},{"text":"not only their respect in society, but likewise all their influence","box":{"x":178,"y":1474,"width":900,"height":35}},{"text":"among their heathen neighbours and relations.","box":{"x":179,"y":1505,"width":626,"height":32}}]},"112":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00136-d170c58b043fbdb0ffb7.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"112","box":{"x":113,"y":136,"width":50,"height":20}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":332,"y":141,"width":474,"height":18}},{"text":"6. The more bigoted heathens consider every Christian convert,","box":{"x":158,"y":188,"width":868,"height":29}},{"text":"of whatever caste he may be, as degraded, and in former times he","box":{"x":118,"y":217,"width":907,"height":28}},{"text":"was in their opinion undeserving of the rights of social intercourse;","box":{"x":112,"y":243,"width":912,"height":32}},{"text":"but one who violates or entirely gives up his caste, is treated as an","box":{"x":112,"y":272,"width":912,"height":31}},{"text":"outcast. Every heathen will avoid him more carefully than he","box":{"x":115,"y":298,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"would even Pariars, Pallers, and Sackliars.","box":{"x":112,"y":328,"width":575,"height":29}},{"text":"At present high caste Christians meet with more respect from","box":{"x":151,"y":371,"width":871,"height":34}},{"text":"heathens than formerly, owing partly to their own personal character","box":{"x":108,"y":401,"width":915,"height":32}},{"text":"and conduct, partly to the high stations to which some of them have","box":{"x":111,"y":427,"width":911,"height":31}},{"text":"been advanced. And though the circumstance does not immedi-","box":{"x":106,"y":454,"width":914,"height":32}},{"text":"ately contribute to the furtherance of the Gospel, yet it serves greatly","box":{"x":111,"y":485,"width":911,"height":31}},{"text":"to make Christianity in general more and more respected among","box":{"x":109,"y":511,"width":910,"height":34}},{"text":"the neighbouring heathens. In regard to native priests and high","box":{"x":106,"y":539,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"caste catechists this respect is of still greater importance. They","box":{"x":108,"y":567,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"gain easier admittance among respective natives of high caste, and","box":{"x":106,"y":594,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"meet with more frequent and favourable opportunities to converse","box":{"x":102,"y":621,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"with them freely on religious subjects, privileges no Pariar can look","box":{"x":101,"y":650,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"for. This respect, however, and all the advantages derived from","box":{"x":106,"y":677,"width":910,"height":35}},{"text":"it, is forfeited for ever, as soon as they violate the observance of","box":{"x":106,"y":704,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"caste; native priests and catechists will thereby render themselves","box":{"x":104,"y":733,"width":910,"height":31}},{"text":"entirely useless to the Mission","box":{"x":106,"y":763,"width":409,"height":27}},{"text":"II. Church","box":{"x":481,"y":832,"width":161,"height":24}},{"text":"1. At the church the Christians of the high caste, both men and","box":{"x":150,"y":886,"width":864,"height":32}},{"text":"women, sit on the right, and those of the low caste on the left side","box":{"x":101,"y":915,"width":911,"height":29}},{"text":"of the pulpit, but without any intermediate space between them.","box":{"x":104,"y":941,"width":875,"height":34}},{"text":"There has never been used a separate chalice and paten for","box":{"x":146,"y":984,"width":865,"height":36}},{"text":"separate castes in the administration of the Lord's Supper. But","box":{"x":101,"y":1013,"width":910,"height":35}},{"text":"they go up at different times to the holy table.","box":{"x":101,"y":1042,"width":624,"height":31}},{"text":"2. The appropriation of separate places to the several castes","box":{"x":143,"y":1096,"width":865,"height":32}},{"text":"(chiefly two, high and low) though not desirable, will be necessary","box":{"x":95,"y":1124,"width":912,"height":36}},{"text":"as long as the distinction of caste itself remains; for any interference","box":{"x":98,"y":1152,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"in this respect would at present be looked upon by all of them as an","box":{"x":101,"y":1181,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"encroachment upon their civil rights. It rests on their own estimate","box":{"x":98,"y":1208,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"of a proper gradation in the different orders of society, and as both","box":{"x":99,"y":1236,"width":910,"height":36}},{"text":"sit according to their rank and station on their respective sides-","box":{"x":98,"y":1261,"width":912,"height":36}},{"text":"though they are not so very anxious about it the natural steps","box":{"x":98,"y":1293,"width":908,"height":36}},{"text":"of rank and order are always conspicuous.","box":{"x":97,"y":1322,"width":579,"height":32}},{"text":"III. School","box":{"x":473,"y":1393,"width":168,"height":22}},{"text":"1. No objection has ever been made by native Christians to","box":{"x":145,"y":1445,"width":862,"height":34}},{"text":"send their children for instruction to the Mission schools, because","box":{"x":98,"y":1474,"width":911,"height":35}},{"text":"they are open to all castes; nor have they at any time expressed","box":{"x":98,"y":1502,"width":910,"height":36}}]},"113":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00137-5c4be974310a4e6f1ffc.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":459,"y":136,"width":245,"height":20}},{"text":"113","box":{"x":988,"y":123,"width":55,"height":24}},{"text":"a wish to have different schools for the higher or lower castes. It","box":{"x":134,"y":181,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"ought to be remarked particularly that the teachers are very often","box":{"x":134,"y":211,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"of the low caste but this too has never been objected to.","box":{"x":136,"y":239,"width":733,"height":31}},{"text":"2. The children of one class sit indiscriminately, and take","box":{"x":176,"y":288,"width":861,"height":31}},{"text":"their places only according to their attainments and diligence in","box":{"x":134,"y":317,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"their respective lessons. This order has always been willingly","box":{"x":133,"y":344,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"submitted to by parents of high caste children.","box":{"x":136,"y":375,"width":627,"height":32}},{"text":"3. Children of Christian converts do not observe, nor would","box":{"x":179,"y":420,"width":859,"height":29}},{"text":"they be permitted, if they wished to do so, any holidays but those","box":{"x":136,"y":449,"width":905,"height":35}},{"text":"which are of Christian origin. There are four principal heathenish","box":{"x":130,"y":477,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"festivals, connected with more or less outward show, which children","box":{"x":134,"y":505,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"are fond to look at; but this is merely curiosity, and is never allowed","box":{"x":133,"y":535,"width":910,"height":31}},{"text":"to interfere with their attendance in the school","box":{"x":136,"y":562,"width":634,"height":31}},{"text":"IV. Social Intercourse","box":{"x":441,"y":636,"width":295,"height":25}},{"text":"1. Converts of Christianity from different castes will, in","box":{"x":179,"y":684,"width":865,"height":34}},{"text":"separate places, eat and drink of the same provisions, if they be","box":{"x":137,"y":712,"width":905,"height":34}},{"text":"prepared by a high caste person, but not, if prepared by one of the","box":{"x":133,"y":740,"width":911,"height":36}},{"text":"low caste. The objection is always made on the side of higher","box":{"x":137,"y":768,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"caste, not by Sudras only, but by all successively, who have or think","box":{"x":139,"y":796,"width":905,"height":32}},{"text":"to have one caste below them. Thus the Sudra will not eat the","box":{"x":133,"y":823,"width":912,"height":31}},{"text":"meal of a Kammalen, the Kammalen not that of a Parian, the Parian","box":{"x":136,"y":852,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"not that of a Pallen, the Pallen not that of a Sacklien, &c., and","box":{"x":137,"y":880,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"the two latter, thinking themselves higher or cleverer than the","box":{"x":137,"y":906,"width":908,"height":35}},{"text":"Pariar, will not eat any thing prepared by them. But all will eat","box":{"x":135,"y":935,"width":910,"height":35}},{"text":"what is prepared by a Sudra.","box":{"x":132,"y":968,"width":400,"height":32}},{"text":"2. No marriage is contracted between parties belonging to","box":{"x":181,"y":1012,"width":865,"height":36}},{"text":"two different castes. This custom is strictly observed, not from a","box":{"x":139,"y":1042,"width":910,"height":31}},{"text":"religious view of distinction of caste, but principally with the","box":{"x":140,"y":1067,"width":907,"height":35}},{"text":"intention of preserving their family interests undivided, and of","box":{"x":140,"y":1097,"width":911,"height":36}},{"text":"keeping up their particular trade and calling..","box":{"x":137,"y":1128,"width":630,"height":34}},{"text":"V.","box":{"x":581,"y":1204,"width":27,"height":20}},{"text":"Distinction of caste in its full extent, as it prevails among","box":{"x":179,"y":1248,"width":868,"height":31}},{"text":"heathens, is certainly a great hindrance to the propagation of","box":{"x":140,"y":1277,"width":911,"height":35}},{"text":"Christianity; for it is so closely interwoven with the Brahmanical","box":{"x":139,"y":1302,"width":908,"height":35}},{"text":"system, that while it receives from thence its principal strength, it","box":{"x":142,"y":1333,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"again becomes a powerful bulwark of Brahmanical imposition;","box":{"x":140,"y":1360,"width":908,"height":34}},{"text":"and in its nature and tendency it opposes the very first principles","box":{"x":140,"y":1389,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"of the Gospel, humility and love.","box":{"x":142,"y":1422,"width":448,"height":32}},{"text":"That such a barrier, therefore, should be abolished, must be","box":{"x":186,"y":1466,"width":864,"height":34}},{"text":"the wish of every one who is desirous of the success of the Gospel","box":{"x":143,"y":1496,"width":908,"height":34}},{"text":"H.C.I.-8","box":{"x":240,"y":1542,"width":101,"height":25}}]},"114":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00138-dfb687ec61e179241702.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"114","box":{"x":154,"y":140,"width":59,"height":25}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":376,"y":151,"width":472,"height":20}},{"text":"in this country. The experience, however, of more than a century","box":{"x":158,"y":200,"width":901,"height":35}},{"text":"has proved, that it is not at once and by force, that this obstacle","box":{"x":154,"y":228,"width":905,"height":29}},{"text":"is to be removed, but by gentle means and by degrees. Compulsion,","box":{"x":157,"y":258,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"as in many other cases, would particularly here greatly increase the","box":{"x":154,"y":285,"width":905,"height":34}},{"text":"evil. Difficulties in bringing Gentiles within the pale of Christianity,","box":{"x":154,"y":313,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"already great, would become nearly insurmountable, while the","box":{"x":157,"y":339,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"Christian congregations already collected would fall a prey to","box":{"x":151,"y":367,"width":908,"height":34}},{"text":"confusion and contention.","box":{"x":153,"y":398,"width":361,"height":22}},{"text":"A great point is gained, when through the influence of the gospel","box":{"x":195,"y":454,"width":861,"height":31}},{"text":"distinction of caste becomes divested of all its reference to and","box":{"x":148,"y":480,"width":908,"height":28}},{"text":"connection with idolatry, and is thus reduced to its original shape","box":{"x":148,"y":510,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"as a civil distinction in the community. And what more may be","box":{"x":153,"y":536,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"done, in order to overcome some remaining prejudices, to which","box":{"x":151,"y":563,"width":905,"height":38}},{"text":"particularly new converts are liable, by a cautious and conciliating","box":{"x":147,"y":591,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"proceeding, Mr. Schwartz and other excellent Missionaries have","box":{"x":148,"y":620,"width":907,"height":28}},{"text":"sufficiently shown by their example. Christians who have been","box":{"x":150,"y":647,"width":905,"height":29}},{"text":"carefully instructed and who have been imbibing the spirit of the","box":{"x":148,"y":675,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"Gospel, will, though different in caste, always consider and esteem","box":{"x":143,"y":702,"width":910,"height":34}},{"text":"each other as members of one body in Christ, and as joint-heirs","box":{"x":147,"y":731,"width":904,"height":29}},{"text":"with him, they will exercise the Christian law of love, and never","box":{"x":144,"y":759,"width":910,"height":29}},{"text":"refuse their assistance, if they have it in their power, to one, because","box":{"x":151,"y":786,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"he belongs to a lower caste.","box":{"x":147,"y":812,"width":374,"height":28}},{"text":"That the high caste Christians do not intermarry nor eat with","box":{"x":193,"y":868,"width":857,"height":31}},{"text":"those of low caste, is owing to the different occupation and way of","box":{"x":146,"y":895,"width":908,"height":35}},{"text":"living peculiar to the several castes. The labourers in the field, the","box":{"x":146,"y":924,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"employment of undertaker, and all the other mean occupations","box":{"x":144,"y":954,"width":907,"height":29}},{"text":"necessary in a community, are according to the ancient Mammul","box":{"x":146,"y":982,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"(custom) exclusively the duty of the low caste people, whether","box":{"x":143,"y":1008,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"heathen or Christian; nor would they allow any one of another","box":{"x":141,"y":1036,"width":907,"height":29}},{"text":"caste to intrude on their trade. This, of course, has a great influ-","box":{"x":143,"y":1062,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"ence on their way of living.","box":{"x":144,"y":1092,"width":371,"height":29}},{"text":"To oblige, therefore, a man of a higher caste and accustomed","box":{"x":189,"y":1145,"width":857,"height":31}},{"text":"to a genteeler way of living, to eat with them, is doing force to","box":{"x":144,"y":1173,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"common delicacy and to the natural feelings of sense, and may be","box":{"x":141,"y":1201,"width":905,"height":32}},{"text":"sometimes of serious consequences to bodily health. Some of the","box":{"x":143,"y":1227,"width":903,"height":34}},{"text":"ancient Missionaries once persuaded a Siva convert (who according","box":{"x":144,"y":1256,"width":901,"height":34}},{"text":"to the custom of his caste lived only on vegetable food) to eat meat,","box":{"x":143,"y":1283,"width":901,"height":35}},{"text":"in order to show that he did not abstain from it on account of supers-","box":{"x":143,"y":1312,"width":900,"height":34}},{"text":"tition and pride. He complied, but nearly died by making the trial!","box":{"x":140,"y":1339,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"There is every reason to hope that the more native Christians","box":{"x":187,"y":1396,"width":855,"height":31}},{"text":"grow in the knowledge and practice of the truth, the weaker will","box":{"x":140,"y":1423,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"become their prejudices of every kind they will more and more","box":{"x":138,"y":1452,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"approach each other, and by degrees become accustomed to put","box":{"x":138,"y":1480,"width":904,"height":35}},{"text":"little or no value on their distinction of caste. But if compulsion","box":{"x":139,"y":1506,"width":905,"height":35}}]}}}