{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        385
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00409-e35496e38ef5158057d0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Partition and Christian Community",
      "chunk_data": "185. CONDITION OF CHRISTIANS IN EAST PUNJAB FOLLOWING PARTITION (1948 A.D.)\n\nIn this account Dr. E. C. Bhatty of the National Christian Council of India describes the impact of partition and the consequent exchange of population upon the Christian community in the Punjab, with special reference to the East. It is to be noted that the prediction that Christians would not, in the future, be able to earn their living from land' turned out to be incorrect. The United Church Review, Vol. XXI, (June 1948), pp. 136-137.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "E. C. Bhatty"
        ],
        "places": [
          "East Punjab",
          "Punjab",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Dr. E. C. Bhatty describes the impact of Partition and the exchange of population on Christians in East Punjab.",
        "tags": [
          "Partition",
          "Christianity",
          "Migration"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        385,
        386
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00409-e35496e38ef5158057d0.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00410-8c859f2da0164271e86d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Reports of Christian Losses",
      "chunk_data": "Reports from some areas in East Punjab show that Christians have been adversely affected by the Partition and the consequent interchange of population. We have no reports from the Gurgaon and Rohtak districts where some Christians are alleged to have suffered loss of property. With one or two exceptions, no loss of life occurred. Threats and persecution continue in individual cases in these districts. There has been some loss of life and property in other districts of East Punjab. The following details from a few areas give some idea of the nature and extent of loss:",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "East Punjab",
          "Gurgaon",
          "Rohtak"
        ],
        "event": "Reports describe deaths, property losses, threats, and persecution suffered by Christians after Partition.",
        "tags": [
          "Partition",
          "Persecution",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        386
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00410-8c859f2da0164271e86d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Losses in Ferozepore",
      "chunk_data": "Ferozepore:\nChristians migrated from W. to E. Punjab\n500 families\nKilled\n150 persons\nProperty looted worth\nRs. 1,00,000\nLoss through floods\nRs. 3,00,000",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Ferozepore",
          "West Punjab",
          "East Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Ferozepore Christians experienced migration, deaths, looting, and flood-related property loss.",
        "tags": [
          "Partition",
          "Migration",
          "Property Loss"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        386
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00410-8c859f2da0164271e86d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Flood and Looting Losses",
      "chunk_data": "Guruhar Sahai and Mamdot:\nVillages affected by flood\n11\n1\nVillages looted\n74 persons 394\nFamilies rendered destitute\nRs. 16,589\nEstimated loss of property of these families..",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Guruhar Sahai",
          "Mamdot"
        ],
        "event": "Christians in Guruhar Sahai and Mamdot suffered flooding, looting, destitution, and property loss.",
        "tags": [
          "Partition",
          "Floods",
          "Property Loss"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        386
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00410-8c859f2da0164271e86d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Losses in Moga",
      "chunk_data": "Moga:\nLoss of life\n23 persons\nLoss of houses, with their belongings\n72 families\nLoss of household effects to looters\n55 families",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Moga"
        ],
        "event": "Christians in Moga suffered deaths, destruction of homes, and loss of household effects.",
        "tags": [
          "Partition",
          "Deaths",
          "Property Loss"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        386
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00410-8c859f2da0164271e86d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Causes of Christian Deaths",
      "chunk_data": "Loss of Life: Causes\n(1) Some were killed through joining the groups of raiders.\n(2) Some were killed from enmity.\n(3) Some were killed in the course of indiscriminate slaughter.\n(4) Some were killed who had fraternized with Muslims in the past.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "East Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "The report identifies raiding, enmity, indiscriminate slaughter, and prior fraternization with Muslims as causes of Christian deaths.",
        "tags": [
          "Partition",
          "Deaths",
          "Violence"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        386
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00410-8c859f2da0164271e86d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Social Disabilities and Persecution",
      "chunk_data": "Social Disabilities and Persecution:\n\nNew type of social disabilities are being imposed to which Christians were not accustomed. Demands are being made on them for kinds of menial service which they have not formerly rendered. In Patiala, wells formerly used jointly by Muslims and Christians have been closed for Christians by the new landlords.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Patiala"
        ],
        "event": "Christians faced new social disabilities, demands for menial service, and exclusion from wells previously shared with Muslims.",
        "tags": [
          "Persecution",
          "Social Conditions",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        386
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00410-8c859f2da0164271e86d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Forced Labour and Lawlessness",
      "chunk_data": "Forced labour has been familiar. Belongings of Christians have been forcibly taken by refugees. Obviously these things happen because a certain section of the people have little regard left for law and order. The Government of East Punjab is, however, making desperate efforts to restore law and order to restrain the activities of the lawless element.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "East Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Christians experienced forced labour and seizure of belongings, while the East Punjab Government attempted to restore law and order.",
        "tags": [
          "Persecution",
          "Government",
          "Law and Order"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        387
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00411-b87c92b151ad7e054cca.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Economic Status of Christians",
      "chunk_data": "Economic Status:\n\nThose who were employed as Contract labourers by Muslims lost their share of grain. They could not claim their share of the crop as they were employed as private labourers. Those cultivating land on batai system are however, secure.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "East Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Christian contract labourers lost their grain share, while those cultivating land under the batai system remained secure.",
        "tags": [
          "Economy",
          "Agriculture",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        387
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00411-b87c92b151ad7e054cca.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Insecurity on the Land",
      "chunk_data": "Reports from all areas indicated that the place of Christians on the land, and in agricultural work generally, is becoming very insecure. Dr. H. J. Strickler, for instance, reports, in the Batala area the Christians are being entirely left out in the re-distribution of land.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "H. J. Strickler"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Batala"
        ],
        "event": "Reports describe increasing insecurity for Christians in agriculture and their exclusion from land redistribution in the Batala area.",
        "tags": [
          "Land",
          "Agriculture",
          "Displacement"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        387
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00411-b87c92b151ad7e054cca.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Land Allocation in Kapurthala",
      "chunk_data": "An effort has been made in Kapurthala to have some of the land left by Muslims given to Christians, but it now appears that the authorities are unwilling to let the Christians have land, because they want a landless servant class in the villages.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Kapurthala"
        ],
        "event": "Authorities in Kapurthala appeared unwilling to allocate land abandoned by Muslims to Christians.",
        "tags": [
          "Land",
          "Politics",
          "Agriculture"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        387
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00411-b87c92b151ad7e054cca.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Threats to Christian Tenants",
      "chunk_data": "In some areas it is reported that Christian tenants on land have had their crops stolen or destroyed. The Salvation Army reports that on both sides of the line they have been receiving petitions for help from Christians, who say they are going to be displaced and turned off the land, when the present crop is harvested.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "East Punjab",
          "Punjab border"
        ],
        "event": "Christian tenants reported crop destruction and feared displacement from their land after the harvest.",
        "tags": [
          "Displacement",
          "Agriculture",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        387
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00411-b87c92b151ad7e054cca.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Leases and Relief Needs",
      "chunk_data": "Also it is expected that the food situation will become much worse for Christians after the grain they now have, purchased cheaply during the disturbances, is exhausted'. Rev. E. Y. Campbell from Jullundhar reports that Christians who are cultivating land on the basis of a six months' lease, will not get a renewal as the land will be allotted to refugees. The families which have been rendered destitute need grain and clothing.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "E. Y. Campbell"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Jullundhar"
        ],
        "event": "Christians faced worsening food insecurity, non-renewal of agricultural leases, displacement by refugees, and shortages of grain and clothing.",
        "tags": [
          "Food Security",
          "Displacement",
          "Refugees"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 14,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        387
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00411-b87c92b151ad7e054cca.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Threats in Bhavalpur State",
      "chunk_data": "Report has also come that Christians on the land in Bhavalpur State are being threatened by Muslims and the State authorities have expressed inability to guarantee protection.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Bhavalpur State"
        ],
        "event": "Christians on the land in Bhavalpur State were threatened, while authorities said they could not guarantee protection.",
        "tags": [
          "Persecution",
          "Land",
          "Security"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 15,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        387
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00411-b87c92b151ad7e054cca.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Pressure in Kasure Tahsil",
      "chunk_data": "In the section of Kasure Tahsil on the India side of the border there has been pressure on Christians, and threats that unless they again become Mazahabi Sikhs they will not be allowed to stay. This has been brought to the attention of the Ministers who have promised to put an end to these threats.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Kasure Tahsil",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Christians in Kasure Tahsil were threatened with expulsion unless they reconverted to Mazahabi Sikhism; Ministers promised to stop the threats.",
        "tags": [
          "Persecution",
          "Religion",
          "Government"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 16,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        387
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00411-b87c92b151ad7e054cca.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Evacuation Assistance for Christians",
      "chunk_data": "The matter of the Bhavalpur Christians has also been brought to the attention of the Government of India, and Mr. Leslie Cross of the Friends' Service Unit, who has gone to Bhavalpur State to assist in evacuation of non-Muslims has been asked to investigate and, if need be, to make representations to His Highness on behalf of the Christians. The Government will be prepared to evacuate them if such an emergency arises.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Leslie Cross"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Bhavalpur State",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Government of India and Leslie Cross were involved in investigating threats and preparing for the possible evacuation of Bhavalpur Christians.",
        "tags": [
          "Evacuation",
          "Government",
          "Humanitarian Aid"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 17,
      "chapter_name": "185. Condition of Christians in East Punjab Following Partition",
      "page_numbers": [
        387
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00411-b87c92b151ad7e054cca.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Christians Turn Toward Industry",
      "chunk_data": "The general consensus of opinion is that Christians can no longer earn their living from land, and must now look more to industry. How far they will be able to continue to live in villages while dependent on other occupations is a question requiring careful study. Some occupations formerly closed may now be",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1948,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1948,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1948 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "East Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "The report concludes that Christians may need to shift from agricultural livelihoods toward industry and other occupations.",
        "tags": [
          "Economy",
          "Industry",
          "Agriculture"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}