{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": 2011
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        370
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00394-fd93eebd1b3ee9f4cd2b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "A Recent Empirical Study",
      "chunk_data": "The empirical study of the Christian community in India is a recent phenomenon. One of the pioneer examples of the use of the tools of the social sciences to understand Christianity in India was the study of village Christians in the Punjab made by E. D. Lucas and F. Thakur Das in the late 1930s. This passage is taken from their book, published in 1938, The Rural Church in Punjab, pp. iii-v.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "E. D. Lucas",
          "F. Thakur Das"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "E. D. Lucas and F. Thakur Das conducted a pioneering social-scientific study of village Christians in the Punjab.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Social History",
          "Research"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        370
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00394-fd93eebd1b3ee9f4cd2b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Oppression and Caste Prejudice",
      "chunk_data": "Social Conditions:-Village Christians are an oppressed people who receive scant respect often the reverse-at the hands of the non-Christian groups. Notwithstanding the fact that Muslims are in the majority in most of the villages studied, yet strong caste prejudices still prevail.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Village Christians",
          "Muslims"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Village Christians experienced oppression and widespread caste prejudice despite Muslims forming the majority in many villages.",
        "tags": [
          "Caste",
          "Social Conditions",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        370
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00394-fd93eebd1b3ee9f4cd2b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Caste Barriers and Occupation",
      "chunk_data": "A weakening of caste barriers and more social fluidity can be observed amongst the upper classes, yet these so-called higher castes still look with repugnance upon the menial classes, especially those whose occupation is in any sense defiling, i.e., that of the chamarangs (tanners) and the chuhras (scavengers) who are now mostly employed as agricultural labourers.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Chamarangs",
          "Chuhras"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Higher-caste groups continued to reject menial communities, including tanners and scavengers employed mainly as agricultural labourers.",
        "tags": [
          "Caste",
          "Labor",
          "Social Conditions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        370
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00394-fd93eebd1b3ee9f4cd2b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Occupation and Caste Stigma",
      "chunk_data": "There is, however, this significant difference that the stigma of his caste does not attach so much as formerly to the individual who has entered some non-hereditary occupation. The higher social groups have an inherited pride which blocks more liberal respect being shown by them to the menial groups but the tendency now is to attach the stigma to the occupation alone and not to the people employed in it. However group habits and attitudes are modified very slowly and gradually.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Menial groups",
          "Higher social groups"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Caste stigma increasingly attached to degrading occupations rather than exclusively to the individuals performing them, although social attitudes changed slowly.",
        "tags": [
          "Caste",
          "Social Change",
          "Labor"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        370
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00394-fd93eebd1b3ee9f4cd2b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Conversion and Social Stigma",
      "chunk_data": "The mass conversion to Christianity of the chuhra group has to some extent modified the social stigma resting upon them especially where they are known to have given up the eating of carrion and left-over food as the result of increasing self-respect and cleanliness under the inspiration of their new faith.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Chuhra Christians"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Mass conversion of the Chuhra group to Christianity somewhat reduced social stigma as converts abandoned carrion and leftover food and adopted greater self-respect and cleanliness.",
        "tags": [
          "Conversion",
          "Caste",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        370
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00394-fd93eebd1b3ee9f4cd2b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Education and Social Mobility",
      "chunk_data": "The social disabilities which still persist and stigmatize them as an inferior people will probably persist so long as they remain mere agricultural labourers, for the most part paid a pitiful wage in kind. The most effective agency in breaking down this social barrier aside from that mentioned above is the spread of the educational system, mostly rural primary schools. Missionary activity has inspired other religious groups to the work of social uplift-and Mr. Gandhi's influence and that of his followers have contributed to the same end.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Punjab Christians",
          "Mahatma Gandhi",
          "Missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "The authors identified education, missionary activity, and Mahatma Gandhi's influence as forces capable of reducing the social disabilities of Christian agricultural labourers.",
        "tags": [
          "Education",
          "Social Reform",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        370,
        371
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00394-fd93eebd1b3ee9f4cd2b.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Skilled Trades and Social Standing",
      "chunk_data": "If the Christian groups could be trained in more skilled trades and escape, at least a portion of them, from their present serfdom it would contribute to their better social standing. And yet should they give up the flaying of dead cattle for instance at present one of their prerogatives-they would lose a valuable source of income as each hide removed brings in from one to two rupees. Here is where economic income and social standing are in direct conflict.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Punjab Christians"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Training Christians in skilled trades could improve their social standing, but abandoning the flaying of dead cattle would sacrifice income of one to two rupees per hide.",
        "tags": [
          "Labor",
          "Economics",
          "Social Mobility"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        371
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Agricultural Labour and Insecurity",
      "chunk_data": "Economic Conditions:-About 85 per cent of the Christian communities in these areas work either as agricultural labourers paid largely in kind or as tenant cultivators on a yearly contract. In either case their position is very insecure and they are completely at the mercy of the land owning classes.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Punjab Christians",
          "Landowning classes"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "About 85 percent of Christians worked as agricultural labourers or yearly tenant cultivators under insecure conditions and dependence on landowners.",
        "tags": [
          "Economics",
          "Labor",
          "Agriculture"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        371
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Income of Landless Families",
      "chunk_data": "The average income of the landless labourers, who constitute over two-thirds of the entire community, is about Rs. 125 per family per annum. The size of the average family is between 5 and 6 members including children.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Landless Christian labourers"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "More than two-thirds of the Christian community consisted of landless labourers earning about Rs. 125 per family annually.",
        "tags": [
          "Poverty",
          "Economics",
          "Labor"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        371
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Tenant Cultivation and Occupations",
      "chunk_data": "The tenant cultivators constitute another 15 per cent of the community and their average net income per family per annum runs to a little over Rs. 150 in the Pasrur area and about Rs. 86 in the Narowal area depending on the size of the tenancy. The other occupations open to this community in the villages are gut-making, trading in hides and skins, brick-moulding, casual labour and tanning.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian tenant cultivators"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Pasrur",
          "Narowal",
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Tenant cultivators formed 15 percent of the community, with differing annual incomes in Pasrur and Narowal; villagers also worked in several manual trades.",
        "tags": [
          "Economics",
          "Agriculture",
          "Labor"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        371
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Urban Employment and Remittances",
      "chunk_data": "A few of the more highly educated have broken into other occupations such as cobbling, pottery-making and are occupied as school teachers or preachers under the Church or Mission. A few have left the villages and are found in cities and cantonments as gardeners, cooks, grooms, chauffeurs, mechanics, workmen in factories and Railway Workshops, etc. Before the depression these urban immigrants were accustomed to send remittance to their families in the villages but owing to the lack of employment and the low wages at present existing, these remittances have nearly ceased.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Educated Punjab Christians"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab",
          "Indian cities",
          "Cantonments"
        ],
        "event": "Some educated Christians entered skilled, educational, and religious occupations, while urban migrants largely stopped sending remittances because of unemployment and low wages after the Depression.",
        "tags": [
          "Employment",
          "Migration",
          "Economics"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        371
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Landlessness and Dependence",
      "chunk_data": "The Christian communities in these areas nowhere constitute over 15 per cent of the village population and the average is about 7 percent. They are not allowed to own land, not even the land on which their houses stand. Not only in economic but in social, cultural and religious matters they are almost certain to be dominated by the land owning groups.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Punjab Christians",
          "Landowning groups"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab villages"
        ],
        "event": "Christian communities were a small minority, prohibited from owning land, and dominated by landowning groups in economic, social, cultural, and religious affairs.",
        "tags": [
          "Land",
          "Caste",
          "Social Conditions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        371
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Bride Purchase and Family Life",
      "chunk_data": "There is wide-spread purchase and sale of brides. This practice is common throughout this area, and in fact, is wide-spread throughout the Punjab. Such a custom degrades the position of women, is one of the main causes of debt and prevents the building up of anything resembling Christian family life. To eradicate this evil must be one of the immediate objectives of the Church in the near future.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Punjab Christian women",
          "Church leaders"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "The authors condemned the widespread purchase and sale of brides as degrading women, causing debt, and obstructing Christian family life; eliminating it was identified as an immediate Church objective.",
        "tags": [
          "Women",
          "Marriage",
          "Church Reform"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 14,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        371
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Gender Imbalance",
      "chunk_data": "One of the main reasons leading to the purchase and sale of brides is the disparity in the numbers of males and females. There are roughly 8 women to 10 men in the Christian village communities.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian men",
          "Christian women"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab villages"
        ],
        "event": "The authors attributed bride purchase partly to a gender imbalance of roughly eight women for every ten men in Christian village communities.",
        "tags": [
          "Demography",
          "Women",
          "Marriage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 15,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        371,
        372
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Debt and Interest",
      "chunk_data": "At least 82 per cent of the Christian community is in debt. The debt equals the entire family income of nineteen months. The rates of interest average about 25 per cent per annum and the interest rate on loans connected with marriages are considerably higher.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Punjab Christians"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "At least 82 percent of the Christian community was in debt, with average interest rates of about 25 percent and higher rates for marriage loans.",
        "tags": [
          "Debt",
          "Economics",
          "Marriage"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 16,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        372
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Debtor Psychology and Thrift",
      "chunk_data": "The psychology of the debtor is interesting, the most common attitude being a certain pride in a fairly substantial debt as showing the standing and credit of the debtor. The co-operative movement so far has failed to inculcate thrift, saving and avoidance of wasteful expenditure. It is necessary that the educational process should pay more attention to this aspect of the community life.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Punjab Christian debtors"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Debtors often took pride in substantial debt, while cooperative efforts had not yet encouraged thrift, savings, or avoidance of wasteful expenditure.",
        "tags": [
          "Debt",
          "Cooperatives",
          "Education"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 17,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        372
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Christian School Expansion",
      "chunk_data": "Village primary day schools of four classes, and boarding schools of eight classes or even high schools have been established very widely in this area as in other areas. There is no restriction on Christian children entering schools controlled or taught by non-Christians. But as a matter of fact, most Christian children and parents prefer the Christian schools as is evidenced by the very much higher percentage of children of school-going age attending the village school under a Christian agency than that under any non-Christian agency.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian children",
          "Christian parents"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab villages"
        ],
        "event": "Primary, boarding, and secondary schools expanded widely, and Christian families generally preferred schools operated by Christian agencies.",
        "tags": [
          "Education",
          "Christianity",
          "Schools"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 18,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        372
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Girls' Education Advances",
      "chunk_data": "The education of girls has made considerable headway and a very hopeful start has been made both in co-education and in the introduction of trained women teachers into village schools. The greatest need of the future is a re-orientation of the educational process whereby from the very beginning the teacher and the teaching will be intimately related with the everyday life of the community. The key to this re-orientation lies in the training of the future generation of teachers. A very hopeful start has been made along this line at Moga and a few other places.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian girls",
          "Women teachers"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Moga",
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Girls' education advanced through coeducation and trained women teachers, while Moga pioneered educational reform linked to community life.",
        "tags": [
          "Education",
          "Women",
          "Social Reform"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 19,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        372
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Difficulties of Church Self-Support",
      "chunk_data": "Two or three great difficulties face the Church in attaining a satisfactory standard of self support. These difficulties may be enumerated as follows :-",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Church"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "The Church faced major difficulties in achieving satisfactory financial self-support.",
        "tags": [
          "Church",
          "Finance",
          "Organization"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 20,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        372
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Dispersed Christian Communities",
      "chunk_data": "(a) Widespread dispersion of Christians in small groups throughout the villages. Each pastorate must include anywhere from 7 to 15 villages in order to enable their joint contribution to support the pastor.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Punjab Christians",
          "Pastors"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab villages"
        ],
        "event": "Christian communities were dispersed in small village groups, requiring each pastorate to cover seven to fifteen villages to support its pastor.",
        "tags": [
          "Church",
          "Organization",
          "Rural Life"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 21,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        372
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Lay Leadership Training",
      "chunk_data": "(b) The difficulty in training lay-leadership and preparing them to share in the general Christian discipline and the raising of funds for the pastorate, and",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Lay leaders"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "The Church struggled to train lay leaders to participate in Christian discipline and raise funds for pastorates.",
        "tags": [
          "Church",
          "Leadership",
          "Finance"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 22,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        372
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Training Effective Pastors",
      "chunk_data": "(c) The training of pastors to be real leaders of their people with regard to every aspect of life.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Pastors"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "The Church needed to train pastors to become comprehensive leaders of their communities.",
        "tags": [
          "Church",
          "Leadership",
          "Training"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 23,
      "chapter_name": "1938. The Social and Economic Conditions of the Punjab Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        372
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Limited Congregational Contributions",
      "chunk_data": "The present average family contribution in this area runs between Rs. 1 and 2. This is also roughly between 1 and 2 per cent of the family income. The main difficulty in increasing this amount is the little surplus left after the most essential family needs have been met.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1938,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1938,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1938"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Punjab Christian families"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Punjab"
        ],
        "event": "Average family contributions were only Rs. 1 to 2, or about 1 to 2 percent of family income, because little surplus remained after essential needs.",
        "tags": [
          "Church",
          "Finance",
          "Poverty"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}