{"pages":{"370":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00394-fd93eebd1b3ee9f4cd2b.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"370","box":{"x":122,"y":123,"width":57,"height":21}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":344,"y":130,"width":479,"height":18}},{"text":"179. THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE","box":{"x":120,"y":209,"width":917,"height":24}},{"text":"PUNJAB CHRISTIANS (1938 A.D.)","box":{"x":332,"y":244,"width":501,"height":27}},{"text":"The empirical study of the Christian community in India is a","box":{"x":210,"y":300,"width":778,"height":28}},{"text":"recent phenomenon. One of the pioneer examples of the use","box":{"x":174,"y":325,"width":816,"height":25}},{"text":"of the tools of the social sciences to understand Christianity","box":{"x":169,"y":350,"width":820,"height":25}},{"text":"in India was the study of village Christians in the Punjab made by","box":{"x":172,"y":374,"width":817,"height":27}},{"text":"E. D. Lucas and F. Thakur Das in the late 1930s. This passage is","box":{"x":169,"y":399,"width":820,"height":27}},{"text":"taken from their book, published in 1938, The Rural Church in","box":{"x":169,"y":426,"width":822,"height":27}},{"text":"Punjab, pp. iii-v.","box":{"x":169,"y":451,"width":197,"height":24}},{"text":"Social Conditions:-Village Christians are an oppressed people","box":{"x":168,"y":510,"width":871,"height":31}},{"text":"who receive scant respect often the reverse-at the hands of the","box":{"x":118,"y":535,"width":921,"height":31}},{"text":"non-Christian groups. Notwithstanding the fact that Muslims","box":{"x":120,"y":565,"width":918,"height":36}},{"text":"are in the majority in most of the villages studied, yet strong caste","box":{"x":118,"y":592,"width":919,"height":32}},{"text":"prejudices still prevail. A weakening of caste barriers and more","box":{"x":116,"y":619,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"social fluidity can be observed amongst the upper classes, yet these","box":{"x":118,"y":647,"width":919,"height":32}},{"text":"so-called higher castes still look with repugnance upon the menial","box":{"x":116,"y":676,"width":922,"height":32}},{"text":"classes, especially those whose occupation is in any sense defiling,","box":{"x":115,"y":702,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"i.e., that of the chamarangs (tanners) and the chuhras (scavengers)","box":{"x":118,"y":730,"width":921,"height":36}},{"text":"who are now mostly employed as agricultural labourers. There is,","box":{"x":111,"y":758,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"however, this significant difference that the stigma of his caste","box":{"x":113,"y":786,"width":922,"height":31}},{"text":"does not attach so much as formerly to the individual who has","box":{"x":115,"y":814,"width":922,"height":35}},{"text":"entered some non-hereditary occupation. The higher social groups","box":{"x":115,"y":842,"width":919,"height":35}},{"text":"have an inherited pride which blocks more liberal respect being","box":{"x":115,"y":869,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"shown by them to the menial groups but the tendency now is to","box":{"x":113,"y":898,"width":924,"height":35}},{"text":"attach the stigma to the occupation n alone and not to the people","box":{"x":113,"y":928,"width":922,"height":32}},{"text":"employed in it. However group habits and attitudes are modified","box":{"x":112,"y":954,"width":925,"height":32}},{"text":"very slowly and gradually. The mass conversion to Christianity","box":{"x":111,"y":981,"width":924,"height":35}},{"text":"of the chuhra group has to some extent modified the social stigma","box":{"x":113,"y":1010,"width":922,"height":36}},{"text":"resting upon them especially where they are known to have given","box":{"x":111,"y":1031,"width":928,"height":39}},{"text":"up the eating of carrion and left-over food as the result of increasing","box":{"x":109,"y":1067,"width":925,"height":31}},{"text":"self-respect and cleanliness under the inspiration of their new faith.","box":{"x":112,"y":1094,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"The social disabilities which still persist and stigmatize them as an","box":{"x":109,"y":1121,"width":925,"height":35}},{"text":"inferior people will probably persist so long as they remain mere","box":{"x":111,"y":1150,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"agricultural labourers, for the most part paid a pitiful wage in kind.","box":{"x":111,"y":1176,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"The most effective agency in breaking down this social barrier","box":{"x":109,"y":1206,"width":924,"height":35}},{"text":"aside from that mentioned above is the spread of the educational","box":{"x":108,"y":1234,"width":925,"height":31}},{"text":"system, mostly rural primary schools. Missionary activity has","box":{"x":106,"y":1262,"width":925,"height":36}},{"text":"inspired other religious groups to the work of social uplift-and","box":{"x":111,"y":1289,"width":919,"height":36}},{"text":"Mr. Gandhi's influence and that of his followers have contributed","box":{"x":108,"y":1318,"width":925,"height":29}},{"text":"to the same end.","box":{"x":108,"y":1348,"width":231,"height":25}},{"text":"If the Christian groups could be trained in more skilled trades","box":{"x":151,"y":1406,"width":878,"height":31}},{"text":"and escape, at least a portion of them, from their present serfdom","box":{"x":104,"y":1435,"width":926,"height":29}},{"text":"it would contribute to their better social standing. And yet should","box":{"x":106,"y":1460,"width":924,"height":32}},{"text":"they give up the flaying of dead cattle for instance at present one","box":{"x":108,"y":1490,"width":924,"height":31}}]},"371":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00395-d24eb2d2123d69e056d0.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":449,"y":142,"width":252,"height":20}},{"text":"371","box":{"x":980,"y":147,"width":56,"height":18}},{"text":"of their prerogatives-they would lose a valuable source of income","box":{"x":112,"y":188,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"as each hide removed brings in from one to two rupees. Here is","box":{"x":115,"y":216,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"where economic income and social standing are in direct conflict.","box":{"x":112,"y":245,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"Economic Conditions:-About 85 per cent of the Christian","box":{"x":157,"y":301,"width":879,"height":35}},{"text":"communities in these areas work either as agricultural labourers","box":{"x":110,"y":329,"width":925,"height":34}},{"text":"paid largely in kind or as tenant cultivators on a yearly contract.","box":{"x":113,"y":356,"width":922,"height":36}},{"text":"In either case their position is very insecure and they are completely","box":{"x":116,"y":385,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"at the mercy of the land owning classes. The average income of","box":{"x":113,"y":412,"width":926,"height":35}},{"text":"the landless labourers, who constitute over two-thirds of the entire","box":{"x":113,"y":439,"width":922,"height":31}},{"text":"community, is about Rs. 125 per family per annum. The size of","box":{"x":113,"y":468,"width":925,"height":34}},{"text":"the average family is between 5 and 6 members including children.","box":{"x":115,"y":494,"width":919,"height":38}},{"text":"The tenant cultivators constitute another 15 per cent of the com-","box":{"x":109,"y":523,"width":926,"height":35}},{"text":"munity and their average net income per family per annum runs","box":{"x":112,"y":551,"width":922,"height":35}},{"text":"to a little over Rs. 150 in the Pasrur area and about Rs. 86 in the","box":{"x":115,"y":579,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"Narowal area depending on the size of the tenancy. The other","box":{"x":109,"y":606,"width":926,"height":35}},{"text":"occupations open to this community in the villages are gut-making,","box":{"x":113,"y":635,"width":919,"height":39}},{"text":"trading in hides and skins, brick-moulding, casual labour and","box":{"x":112,"y":662,"width":925,"height":38}},{"text":"tanning. A few of the more highly educated have broken into","box":{"x":112,"y":691,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"other occupations such as cobbling, pottery-making and are occupied","box":{"x":109,"y":720,"width":926,"height":35}},{"text":"as school teachers or preachers under the Church or Mission. A","box":{"x":112,"y":747,"width":925,"height":32}},{"text":"few have left the villages and are found in cities and cantonments","box":{"x":112,"y":775,"width":921,"height":32}},{"text":"as gardeners, cooks, grooms, chauffeurs, mechanics, workmen in","box":{"x":110,"y":805,"width":925,"height":32}},{"text":"factories and Railway Workshops, etc. Before the depression","box":{"x":112,"y":830,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"these urban immigrants were accustomed to send remittance to","box":{"x":109,"y":860,"width":925,"height":34}},{"text":"their families in the villages but owing to the lack of employment","box":{"x":110,"y":886,"width":921,"height":38}},{"text":"and the low wages at present existing, these remittances have nearly","box":{"x":110,"y":917,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"ceased.","box":{"x":109,"y":945,"width":98,"height":21}},{"text":"The Christian communities in these areas nowhere constitute","box":{"x":155,"y":988,"width":873,"height":31}},{"text":"over 15 per cent of the village population and the average is about","box":{"x":109,"y":1018,"width":921,"height":34}},{"text":"7 percent. They are not allowed to own land, not even the land","box":{"x":108,"y":1045,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"on which their houses stand. Not only in economic but in social,","box":{"x":108,"y":1073,"width":924,"height":36}},{"text":"cultural and religious matters they are almost certain to be domi-","box":{"x":106,"y":1101,"width":924,"height":32}},{"text":"nated by the land owning groups.","box":{"x":108,"y":1128,"width":462,"height":34}},{"text":"There is wide-spread purchase and sale of brides. This practice","box":{"x":152,"y":1176,"width":878,"height":35}},{"text":"is common throughout this area, and in fact, is wide-spread through-","box":{"x":108,"y":1204,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"out the Punjab. Such a custom degrades the position of women,","box":{"x":105,"y":1233,"width":924,"height":42}},{"text":"is one of the main causes of debt and prevents the building up of","box":{"x":108,"y":1260,"width":925,"height":36}},{"text":"anything resembling Christian family life. To eradicate this evil","box":{"x":102,"y":1288,"width":925,"height":34}},{"text":"must be one of the immediate objectives of the Church in the near","box":{"x":105,"y":1316,"width":922,"height":31}},{"text":"future. One of the main reasons leading to the purchase and sale","box":{"x":105,"y":1344,"width":922,"height":35}},{"text":"of brides is the disparity in in the numbers of males and females.","box":{"x":106,"y":1374,"width":921,"height":31}},{"text":"There are roughly 8 women to 10 men in the Christian village","box":{"x":104,"y":1398,"width":922,"height":39}},{"text":"communities.","box":{"x":106,"y":1428,"width":181,"height":24}},{"text":"At least 82 per cent of the Christian community is in debt. The","box":{"x":148,"y":1475,"width":878,"height":34}},{"text":"debt equals the entire family income of nineteen months. The rates","box":{"x":102,"y":1501,"width":922,"height":32}}]},"372":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00396-737f9665ce55d2e589a7.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"372","box":{"x":147,"y":123,"width":56,"height":21}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":369,"y":122,"width":477,"height":22}},{"text":"of interest average about 25 per cent per annum and the interest","box":{"x":147,"y":172,"width":917,"height":31}},{"text":"rate on loans connected with marriages are considerably higher.","box":{"x":148,"y":198,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"The psychology of the debtor is interesting, the most common","box":{"x":146,"y":226,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"attitude being a certain pride in a fairly substantial debt as showing","box":{"x":150,"y":253,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"the standing and credit of the debtor. The co-operative move-","box":{"x":147,"y":283,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"ment so far has failed to inculcate thrift, saving and avoidance of","box":{"x":147,"y":311,"width":922,"height":32}},{"text":"wasteful expenditure. It is necessary that the educational process","box":{"x":146,"y":337,"width":918,"height":38}},{"text":"should pay more attention to this aspect of the community life.","box":{"x":146,"y":363,"width":862,"height":38}},{"text":"Village primary day schools of four classes, and boarding","box":{"x":192,"y":412,"width":876,"height":36}},{"text":"schools of eight classes or even high schools have been established","box":{"x":150,"y":441,"width":915,"height":32}},{"text":"very widely in this area as in other areas. There is no restriction","box":{"x":148,"y":470,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"on Christian children entering schools controlled or taught by","box":{"x":150,"y":498,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"non-Christians. Bu But as a matter of fact, most Christian children","box":{"x":150,"y":525,"width":915,"height":29}},{"text":"and parents prefer the Christian schools as is evidenced by the","box":{"x":150,"y":553,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"very much higher percentage of children of school-going age attend-","box":{"x":147,"y":581,"width":921,"height":32}},{"text":"ing the village school under a Christian agency than that under any","box":{"x":153,"y":609,"width":915,"height":32}},{"text":"non-Christian agency.","box":{"x":151,"y":642,"width":302,"height":27}},{"text":"The education of girls has made considerable headway and a","box":{"x":196,"y":681,"width":873,"height":32}},{"text":"very hopeful start has been made both in co-education and in the","box":{"x":153,"y":712,"width":915,"height":31}},{"text":"introduction of trained women teachers into village schools. The","box":{"x":154,"y":738,"width":915,"height":31}},{"text":"greatest need of the future is a re-orientation of the educational","box":{"x":151,"y":766,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"process whereby from the very beginning the teacher and the","box":{"x":148,"y":792,"width":921,"height":36}},{"text":"teaching will be intimately related with the everyday life of the","box":{"x":153,"y":822,"width":917,"height":35}},{"text":"community. The key to this re-orientation lies in the training of","box":{"x":151,"y":849,"width":921,"height":34}},{"text":"the future generation of teachers. A very hopeful start has been","box":{"x":154,"y":877,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"made along this line at Moga and a few other places.","box":{"x":153,"y":906,"width":733,"height":31}},{"text":"Two or three great difficulties face the Church in attaining a","box":{"x":199,"y":952,"width":871,"height":31}},{"text":"satisfactory standard of self support.","box":{"x":157,"y":982,"width":497,"height":29}},{"text":"These difficulties may be enumerated as follows :-","box":{"x":197,"y":1036,"width":697,"height":31}},{"text":"(a) Widespread dispersion of Christians in small groups","box":{"x":230,"y":1072,"width":837,"height":35}},{"text":"throughout the villages. Each pastorate must include anywhere","box":{"x":154,"y":1101,"width":914,"height":36}},{"text":"from 7 to 15 villages in order to enable their joint contribution","box":{"x":155,"y":1126,"width":912,"height":35}},{"text":"to support the pastor.","box":{"x":157,"y":1161,"width":298,"height":29}},{"text":"(b) The difficulty in training lay-leadership and preparing","box":{"x":232,"y":1196,"width":837,"height":36}},{"text":"them to share in the general Christian discipline and the raising","box":{"x":154,"y":1224,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"of funds for the pastorate, and","box":{"x":151,"y":1256,"width":431,"height":32}},{"text":"(c) The training of pastors to be real leaders of their people","box":{"x":228,"y":1293,"width":841,"height":34}},{"text":"with regard to every aspect of life.","box":{"x":153,"y":1324,"width":470,"height":31}},{"text":"The present average family contribution in this area runs between","box":{"x":202,"y":1370,"width":869,"height":35}},{"text":"Rs. 1 and 2. This is also roughly between 1 and 2 per cent of the","box":{"x":154,"y":1398,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"family income. The main difficulty in increasing this amount is","box":{"x":157,"y":1424,"width":912,"height":36}},{"text":"the little surplus left after the most essential family needs have been","box":{"x":154,"y":1453,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"met.","box":{"x":155,"y":1492,"width":62,"height":20}}]}}}