{"pages":{"10":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00034-9ffb7dc6bb98f3a990b5.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"10","box":{"x":134,"y":150,"width":39,"height":20}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":354,"y":151,"width":467,"height":21}},{"text":"14. ISIDORE OF SEVILLE ON EASTERN GEOGRAPHY AND","box":{"x":134,"y":214,"width":900,"height":22}},{"text":"BARTHOLOMEW'S MISSION IN INDIA (c. 638 A.D.)","box":{"x":206,"y":244,"width":770,"height":28}},{"text":"Isidore's writings reveal the extent of European knowledge about","box":{"x":224,"y":297,"width":764,"height":24}},{"text":"India in the seventh century A.D. and the tradition that the Apostle","box":{"x":186,"y":322,"width":803,"height":25}},{"text":"Bartholomew came to India. He also is familiar with the tradition","box":{"x":181,"y":347,"width":808,"height":22}},{"text":"of St. Thomas' martyrdom in India. Extract from Etymol. Liber.","box":{"x":185,"y":371,"width":803,"height":25}},{"text":"14.3.5-6. Patrologia Latina, 82.497. Translation cited in A. С.","box":{"x":181,"y":395,"width":806,"height":27}},{"text":"Perumalil, The Apostles in India, p. 37.","box":{"x":183,"y":423,"width":449,"height":25}},{"text":"India derives its name from the river Indus, by which it is","box":{"x":182,"y":463,"width":857,"height":31}},{"text":"enclosed on the West. It stretches out from the southern area to","box":{"x":134,"y":491,"width":898,"height":27}},{"text":"the rising of the sun, and it extends on the North as far as the","box":{"x":136,"y":519,"width":898,"height":31}},{"text":"Caucasus mountain. It has many nations, towns and also the","box":{"x":133,"y":547,"width":900,"height":31}},{"text":"island of Taprobane which is filled with elephants. It has (the","box":{"x":133,"y":575,"width":903,"height":29}},{"text":"islands of) Chryse and Argyra which are rich in gold and silver,","box":{"x":134,"y":604,"width":900,"height":31}},{"text":"and also (the island of) Tyle which is never wanting in foliage. It","box":{"x":133,"y":630,"width":901,"height":32}},{"text":"has both rivers Ganges and Indus and Hyphasis which make the","box":{"x":133,"y":659,"width":898,"height":29}},{"text":"Indian famous.","box":{"x":134,"y":689,"width":204,"height":22}},{"text":"Etymol. Liber., 14.3.15. Patrologia Latina, 82.498. Cited in A. C.","box":{"x":206,"y":728,"width":830,"height":27}},{"text":"Perumalil, The Apostles in India, p. 44.","box":{"x":183,"y":752,"width":463,"height":27}},{"text":"This Thomas preached the Gospel of Christ to the Parthians,","box":{"x":176,"y":792,"width":854,"height":29}},{"text":"the Medes, the Persians, the Hyrcanians and the Bactrians, and","box":{"x":133,"y":820,"width":897,"height":29}},{"text":"to the Indians of the Oriental region and penetrating the innermost","box":{"x":127,"y":850,"width":904,"height":29}},{"text":"regions and sealing his preaching by his passion he died transfixed","box":{"x":134,"y":875,"width":894,"height":32}},{"text":"with a lance at Calamina, a city of India, and there was buried with","box":{"x":129,"y":903,"width":900,"height":32}},{"text":"honour.","box":{"x":127,"y":932,"width":113,"height":22}},{"text":"De Ortu et Obitu Patrum, 74.132. Patrologia Latina, 83.152. Cited in","box":{"x":209,"y":970,"width":826,"height":24}},{"text":"A. C. Perumalil, The Apostles in India, p. 65.","box":{"x":181,"y":995,"width":533,"height":25}},{"text":"Bartholomew the Apostle. translated the Gospel of Matthew","box":{"x":174,"y":1036,"width":858,"height":29}},{"text":"among the Indians into their own language. Finally he was flayed","box":{"x":130,"y":1062,"width":898,"height":32}},{"text":"alive by cruel and barbarous people in Albano, a city of Major","box":{"x":130,"y":1091,"width":898,"height":32}},{"text":"Armenia; and so he is buried there.","box":{"x":125,"y":1117,"width":498,"height":28}},{"text":"15. THE COPPER PLATES (849 A.D.)","box":{"x":304,"y":1196,"width":556,"height":28}},{"text":"Grants made by Ayyanadikal, King of Venad, to the new church","box":{"x":218,"y":1238,"width":763,"height":25}},{"text":"at Quilon (built by Marwan Sabriso) in 849 A.D. were inscribed on","box":{"x":185,"y":1263,"width":796,"height":24}},{"text":"two sets of copper plates, known as the Tarisapalli copper plates.","box":{"x":183,"y":1288,"width":799,"height":27}},{"text":"These are mostly written in Tamil-Malayalam, but two plates are","box":{"x":181,"y":1313,"width":801,"height":27}},{"text":"in Pahlavi and Arabić. Of the two sets, the first consists of three","box":{"x":183,"y":1339,"width":799,"height":25}},{"text":"plates. One of these is in the custody of the Orthodox Church, another","box":{"x":179,"y":1365,"width":802,"height":25}},{"text":"is in the custody of the Mar Thoma Church, and the third is lost. A","box":{"x":183,"y":1390,"width":802,"height":22}},{"text":"translation is found in Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Studies in Kerala","box":{"x":181,"y":1416,"width":803,"height":24}},{"text":"History, pp. 371-373. Both sets, constituting the earliest details con-","box":{"x":176,"y":1441,"width":806,"height":25}},{"text":"cerning the Christian community in India from India itself, provide","box":{"x":179,"y":1466,"width":805,"height":27}},{"text":"valuable information concerning the high social position enjoyed","box":{"x":182,"y":1488,"width":802,"height":29}},{"text":"by Christians in that part of India at that time.","box":{"x":183,"y":1515,"width":584,"height":25}}]},"11":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00035-f473c2eb7465b77ea901.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":453,"y":137,"width":245,"height":18}},{"text":"11","box":{"x":989,"y":140,"width":36,"height":18}},{"text":"Hail Prosperity! This is the 5th regnal year of King Sthanu","box":{"x":167,"y":186,"width":855,"height":32}},{"text":"Ravi who has many hundreds of thousands of years to rule, vanqui-","box":{"x":123,"y":213,"width":904,"height":35}},{"text":"shing his enemies. In this year Ayyanadikal Tiruvadi, ruler of","box":{"x":125,"y":242,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"Venad, in consultation with his officers, ministers, the representa-","box":{"x":120,"y":271,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"tives of the Anjuvannam and Manigramam, and the chief of","box":{"x":123,"y":298,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"Punnathala, granted this Viduperu to the Tarisappally built by","box":{"x":122,"y":325,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"Eso da Tapir at Kurakkeni Kollam. Four families of Ezhavas,","box":{"x":119,"y":354,"width":904,"height":29}},{"text":"in which there are eight toddy tappers (the total numbering twelve)","box":{"x":123,"y":382,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"and one family of washermen should be exempted from the payment","box":{"x":123,"y":410,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"of taxes on profession, tax on thatching houses, aids for wearing","box":{"x":125,"y":440,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"ornaments and for performing marriages, Iravuchoru (forced tax","box":{"x":125,"y":468,"width":903,"height":29}},{"text":"in times of famine) and the sales tax on oil at the rate of one nazhi","box":{"x":125,"y":494,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"per kudam (pot). The rights of Varakkol, Kappam and Pancha-","box":{"x":122,"y":522,"width":905,"height":34}},{"text":"kandi previously granted to the church are granted by me also.","box":{"x":122,"y":549,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"All taxes to be paid by these four Ezhava families and one washer-","box":{"x":119,"y":578,"width":907,"height":29}},{"text":"man family are hereby granted, by deed engraved on copper plate,","box":{"x":125,"y":605,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"to the Tarisapally. The Ezhavas are permitted to take their carts","box":{"x":126,"y":633,"width":901,"height":35}},{"text":"inside the fort and the bazaar for trading purposes. The washerman","box":{"x":127,"y":661,"width":898,"height":31}},{"text":"is also permitted to carry on his profession within the bazaar and the","box":{"x":129,"y":689,"width":898,"height":29}},{"text":"fort. The Police officer, the Fort officer, and any other government","box":{"x":127,"y":715,"width":897,"height":31}},{"text":"official shall not prevent them on any account. The church shall","box":{"x":123,"y":743,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"enquire into any crime committed by these people. These rights","box":{"x":127,"y":773,"width":898,"height":31}},{"text":"granted as Attiperu by this copper plate shall be enjoyed so long as","box":{"x":126,"y":799,"width":898,"height":32}},{"text":"the earth, moon and the sun last. Ayyanadikal Tiruvadi made this","box":{"x":126,"y":824,"width":898,"height":34}},{"text":"grant to the Tarisappalli through the efforts of Maruvan Sapir Eso.","box":{"x":122,"y":855,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"Christ will bless those who protect this grant. Signed Ayyan.","box":{"x":122,"y":882,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"Witnesses: Velkula Sundaran. Vijaya..","box":{"x":123,"y":913,"width":564,"height":29}},{"text":"The second set consists of four plates, of which three are in the custody","box":{"x":199,"y":958,"width":833,"height":27}},{"text":"of the Orthodox Church and one is in the custody of the Mar Thoma","box":{"x":179,"y":983,"width":848,"height":25}},{"text":"Church. A translation is given in Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Studies in","box":{"x":174,"y":1007,"width":857,"height":28}},{"text":"Kerala History, pp. 373-375. Cited in C. V. Cheriyan, A History of","box":{"x":171,"y":1030,"width":861,"height":28}},{"text":"Christianity in Kerala, pp. 112-115.","box":{"x":176,"y":1058,"width":411,"height":25}},{"text":"Two families... four families of Vellalas and one family of","box":{"x":171,"y":1107,"width":858,"height":31}},{"text":"wood cutters shall cultivate the land. They all shall cultivate the","box":{"x":125,"y":1137,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"land of the Tevar (Christ) and supply to the church without fail oil","box":{"x":123,"y":1164,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"and other necessaries. This land was granted to the Tarisappally","box":{"x":126,"y":1190,"width":900,"height":35}},{"text":"through Maruvan Sapir Eso who founded this merchant guild.","box":{"x":129,"y":1218,"width":897,"height":34}},{"text":"The boundaries of this land are fixed in the presence of and in","box":{"x":127,"y":1248,"width":900,"height":32}},{"text":"consultation with the Koyiladhikari Vijayaraga Tevar, Ayyanadikal","box":{"x":125,"y":1276,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"Tiruvadi, Rama Tiruvadi (the crown-prince), ministers, officers, the","box":{"x":129,"y":1304,"width":898,"height":34}},{"text":"Six Hundred, the chief of Punnathala and the chief of Polai family.","box":{"x":126,"y":1331,"width":898,"height":29}},{"text":"The boundaries are marked by walking a she-elephant with earth","box":{"x":126,"y":1359,"width":900,"height":32}},{"text":"and water around the property. The eastern limit of the land is","box":{"x":126,"y":1388,"width":898,"height":32}},{"text":"Vayalkad, including the lake, the south-east ast boundary is the Chiru-","box":{"x":122,"y":1415,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"vatilkal wall and the ocean in the west Toranathottam is the northern","box":{"x":125,"y":1441,"width":901,"height":29}},{"text":"limit and Andilanthottam of Punnathala is the north-eastern","box":{"x":127,"y":1469,"width":898,"height":31}},{"text":"boundary. The land within these boundaries is granted perman-","box":{"x":126,"y":1499,"width":898,"height":31}}]},"12":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00036-db758497c68ef6b1132f.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"12","box":{"x":118,"y":109,"width":38,"height":18}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":337,"y":115,"width":470,"height":21}},{"text":"and others","box":{"x":116,"y":246,"width":151,"height":21}},{"text":"nently so long as the earth, moon and the sun exist, after consulting","box":{"x":116,"y":163,"width":904,"height":38}},{"text":"Ayyanadikal Tiruvadi, Rama Tiruvadi and the Koyiladhikari.","box":{"x":110,"y":190,"width":905,"height":36}},{"text":"The church alone shall collect taxes on professions. Our officers.","box":{"x":115,"y":218,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"shall not go. The church and the land shall be","box":{"x":330,"y":249,"width":690,"height":29}},{"text":"protected by the Anjuvannam and the Manigramam. The Anju-","box":{"x":113,"y":274,"width":904,"height":36}},{"text":"vannam and Manigramam are bound to act according to instruc-","box":{"x":113,"y":303,"width":905,"height":32}},{"text":"tions contained in the copper plates so long as the earth, moon","box":{"x":113,"y":330,"width":905,"height":35}},{"text":"and the sun exist. This is granted as Viduperu to the Tarisapally","box":{"x":115,"y":359,"width":905,"height":35}},{"text":"in the presence of Vijayaraga Tevar, the Koyiladhikari, Ayyanadikal","box":{"x":115,"y":383,"width":904,"height":36}},{"text":"Tiruvadi and Rama Tiruvadi. Tax of 1/60 shall not be collected","box":{"x":113,"y":413,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"when goods are brought in. No tax shall be collected on sale of","box":{"x":109,"y":442,"width":915,"height":31}},{"text":"goods. Slave tax shall not be imposed on the slaves bought by the","box":{"x":110,"y":470,"width":907,"height":38}},{"text":"church. A tax of 8 Kasu can be collected from vehicles when they","box":{"x":112,"y":497,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"come as well as when they go; 4 Kasu can be collected from the","box":{"x":112,"y":526,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"boats when they come and go. Tax on taxable commodities shall","box":{"x":112,"y":553,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"be determined in the presence of the church representatives. When","box":{"x":113,"y":582,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"prices are fixed as well as when any matter relating to the King is","box":{"x":109,"y":609,"width":914,"height":35}},{"text":"decided, representatives of the church must be consulted. Daily","box":{"x":108,"y":637,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"tax collection shall be kept sealed by the Anjuvannam and the","box":{"x":112,"y":663,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"Manigramam. If the land within these four boundaries granted","box":{"x":106,"y":692,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"to the church is given Karabmai, the King's share of 1/10 shall be","box":{"x":110,"y":720,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"paid to the general treasury and the share of 1/10 to the chieftain","box":{"x":108,"y":748,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"shall be collected by the Anjuvannam and the Manigramam.","box":{"x":109,"y":774,"width":900,"height":34}},{"text":"Seventy-two privileges (usually granted to high dignitaries) carry--","box":{"x":107,"y":803,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"ing earth and water on the back of the elephant on marriage occa-","box":{"x":109,"y":833,"width":901,"height":32}},{"text":"sions and others are granted to the church as Viduperu, in the pre-","box":{"x":108,"y":859,"width":907,"height":35}},{"text":"sence of the Koyiladhikarikal Vijayaraga Tevar, and with the consent","box":{"x":109,"y":886,"width":900,"height":32}},{"text":"of Ayyanadikal Tiruvadi, Rama Tiruvadi, ministers, officers, the Six","box":{"x":108,"y":915,"width":900,"height":31}},{"text":"Hundred and the chiefs of Punnathala and Polakudi. These","box":{"x":101,"y":939,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"privileges mentioned in the copper plate grant shall be enjoyed","box":{"x":105,"y":969,"width":900,"height":35}},{"text":"permanently so long as the earth, moon and the sun last. If the","box":{"x":103,"y":997,"width":901,"height":34}},{"text":"church has any complaint, the Anjuvannam and the Manigramam","box":{"x":103,"y":1024,"width":900,"height":35}},{"text":"shall even suspend the payment of tolls, customs duties and sales.","box":{"x":105,"y":1053,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"taxes, and settle the complaint. If the Anjuvannam and Mani-","box":{"x":105,"y":1079,"width":901,"height":36}},{"text":"gramam which are entrusted with the protection of this guild","box":{"x":99,"y":1108,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"commit any crime it shall be remedied by themselves. Both of","box":{"x":101,"y":1135,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"them shall jointly act which alone shall be binding. Sapir Eso","box":{"x":101,"y":1164,"width":898,"height":34}},{"text":"who founded this guild and who became its owner shall keep the","box":{"x":96,"y":1191,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"Varakkol and Panchakandi already received by the church. He","box":{"x":98,"y":1219,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"shall weigh the articles and the church shall be given the weighing.","box":{"x":99,"y":1245,"width":904,"height":36}},{"text":"charges. This right is also granted by me permanently so long as","box":{"x":101,"y":1276,"width":897,"height":35}},{"text":"the earth, sun and moon last, to be enjoyed by succeeding:","box":{"x":101,"y":1304,"width":901,"height":35}},{"text":"generations...","box":{"x":95,"y":1329,"width":211,"height":31}}]}}}