{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "1800. Francis Buchanan on the Malabar Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        73
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00097-1c6cb25dfdb9279393ff.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Buchanan Visits Malabar",
      "chunk_data": "62. FRANCIS BUCHANAN ON THE MALABAR CHRISTIANS (1800 A.D.)\nFrancis Buchanan visited Malabar in the early part of December, 1800. He describes here the social status and practices of the Syrian Christians. F. Buchanan, A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, pp. 391-393.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1800,
        "start_month": 12,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1800,
        "end_month": 12,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "December 1800"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Francis Buchanan",
          "Syrian Christians"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Malabar",
          "Madras",
          "Mysore",
          "Canara"
        ],
        "event": "Francis Buchanan records the social status and practices of the Syrian Christians in Malabar.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Society",
          "Travel"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "1800. Francis Buchanan on the Malabar Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        73,
        74
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00097-1c6cb25dfdb9279393ff.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00098-93fc02105ddf32ba5e19.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "A Nazarene Village",
      "chunk_data": "9th December :-... Opposite to our encampment was a Nazaren village, named Cunnung colung curry Angady, which looks very well, being seated on a rising ground amid the groves of the Betel-nut palm. The Papa or priest waited on us. He was attended by a pupil, who behaved to his superior with utmost deference. The Papa was very well dressed in a blue robe; and, though his ancestors have been settled in the country for many generations, he was very fair, with high Jewish features. The greater part of the sect, however, entirely resemble the aborigines of the country, from whom indeed they are descended.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1800,
        "start_month": 12,
        "start_date": 9,
        "end_year": 1800,
        "end_month": 12,
        "end_date": 9,
        "time_display": "9 December 1800"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Francis Buchanan",
          "Syrian Christian priest",
          "Priest's pupil"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Cunnung Colung Curry Angady",
          "Malabar"
        ],
        "event": "Francis Buchanan visits a Nazarene village and describes its priest, pupil, setting, and inhabitants.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Society",
          "Travel"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "1800. Francis Buchanan on the Malabar Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        74
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00098-93fc02105ddf32ba5e19.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Jacobite Church Authority",
      "chunk_data": "The Papa informed me that his sect are dependent on the Jacobite patriarch of Antioch; but that they have a metropolitan, who resides in the dominions of Travancore, and who is sent by the patriarch on the death of his predecessor. None of the Papas, or inferior clergy, go to Antioch for their education, and all of them have been born in the country. My visitor understood no language in the latter; but all the ceremonies of the church are performed",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1800,
        "start_month": 12,
        "start_date": 9,
        "end_year": 1800,
        "end_month": 12,
        "end_date": 9,
        "time_display": "9 December 1800"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Francis Buchanan",
          "Syrian Christian priest",
          "Jacobite patriarch"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Antioch",
          "Travancore",
          "Malabar"
        ],
        "event": "The Syrian Christian priest explains the sect's dependence on the Jacobite patriarch and the role of its metropolitan.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Church",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "1800. Francis Buchanan on the Malabar Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        74
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00098-93fc02105ddf32ba5e19.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Nazarene Practices and Converts",
      "chunk_data": "In their churches they have neither image nor pictures, but the Nazarens worship the cross. Their clergy are allowed to marry; my visitor, however, seemed to be not a little proud of his observing celibacy, and a total abstinence from animal food. He said that, so far as he remembers, the number of the sect seems neither to be increasing nor diminishing. Converts, however, are occasionally made of both Nairs and Shanars; but no instance occurs of a Moplay having been converted, nor of a Namburi, unless he had previously lost caste.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1800,
        "start_month": 12,
        "start_date": 9,
        "end_year": 1800,
        "end_month": 12,
        "end_date": 9,
        "time_display": "9 December 1800"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Francis Buchanan",
          "Syrian Christian priest",
          "Nairs",
          "Shanars",
          "Moplays",
          "Namburis"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Malabar"
        ],
        "event": "The priest describes Nazarene worship, clerical marriage, his own celibacy and dietary abstinence, and patterns of conversion.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Religion",
          "Caste"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "1800. Francis Buchanan on the Malabar Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        74
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00098-93fc02105ddf32ba5e19.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Nazarene Saint Thomas Tradition",
      "chunk_data": "The Papa says, that the Nazarens were introduced 1740 years ago, by a certain saint named Thomas, who, landing at Meila-pura, took up his residence on a hill near Madras, and which is now called after his name. He afterwards made a voyage to Cochin, and in that neighbourhood settled, a church, which is now the metropolitan, as the Portuguese drove all the Nazarens from the eastern coast. St. Thomas afterwards returned to Meila-pura, where he died.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 52,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 72,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 52–72 AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Saint Thomas",
          "Portuguese"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Mylapore",
          "Madras",
          "Cochin",
          "Malabar",
          "Eastern Coast"
        ],
        "event": "The priest recounts the Nazarene tradition that Saint Thomas introduced Christianity, established a church near Cochin, and died at Mylapore.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Mission",
          "Saints"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "1800. Francis Buchanan on the Malabar Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        74
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00098-93fc02105ddf32ba5e19.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Perumal and Early Muslim Arrival",
      "chunk_data": "At that time Malayala belonged to the Brahmans, who were governed by a Raja sent by Shulun Permal, the sovereign king of the south. The Papa then related the history of Cheruman Permal, nearly as I have given it (page 348,9) on the authority of the Namburis; only he says, that this traitor, after having divided his usurped dominions, died before he reached Mecca. It was in his reign that the Mussulmans first arrived in India. They landed at Challiem, a place near Vaypura.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 600,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 750,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 7th–8th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Cheruman Permal",
          "Shulun Permal",
          "Namburis"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Malayala",
          "Mecca",
          "Challiem",
          "Vaypura",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The priest recounts the political tradition of Cheruman Permal and places the first Muslim arrival in India during his reign.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Politics",
          "Islam"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "1800. Francis Buchanan on the Malabar Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        74
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00098-93fc02105ddf32ba5e19.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Records of Nazarene Persecution",
      "chunk_data": "The Papa says, that the metropolitan has an account of all his predecessors, from the time of Saint Thomas, with a history of the various persecutions that they have been subjected to by the governing powers, the worst of which would appear to have been that inflicted by the Portuguese. He promised to send me a copy of this kind of chronicle, but has not been so good as his word.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 52,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1800,
        "end_month": 12,
        "end_date": 9,
        "time_display": "From c. 52 AD to 1800"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Francis Buchanan",
          "Syrian Christian metropolitan",
          "Saint Thomas",
          "Portuguese"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Malabar"
        ],
        "event": "The priest describes a metropolitan chronicle recording Nazarene predecessors and persecutions, especially those inflicted by the Portuguese.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Persecution",
          "Church"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "1800. Francis Buchanan on the Malabar Christians",
      "page_numbers": [
        74
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00098-93fc02105ddf32ba5e19.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Nazarene Treatment of Converts",
      "chunk_data": "A Brahman of the place says, that when any slaves are converted by the Nazarens, these people bestow on them their liberty, and give them daily or monthly wages. He said also, that the Nazarens are a very orderly, industrious people, who live chiefly by trade and agriculture.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1800,
        "start_month": 12,
        "start_date": 9,
        "end_year": 1800,
        "end_month": 12,
        "end_date": 9,
        "time_display": "9 December 1800"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Francis Buchanan",
          "Local Brahman",
          "Nazarene Christians",
          "Converted slaves"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Malabar"
        ],
        "event": "A local Brahman reports that Nazarene Christians free converted slaves, pay them wages, and live through trade and agriculture.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Society",
          "Economy"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}