{"pages":{"122":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00146-86130c5b18fd03c149ea.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"122","box":{"x":101,"y":144,"width":53,"height":20}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":320,"y":153,"width":474,"height":21}},{"text":"91. MACAULAY'S MINUTE ON EDUCATION (1835 A.D.)","box":{"x":99,"y":230,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"Thomas Babington Macaulay's Minute of 2nd February, 1835,","box":{"x":186,"y":285,"width":771,"height":29}},{"text":"led to the adoption, a month later (7th March, 1835), of a government","box":{"x":150,"y":310,"width":808,"height":28}},{"text":"policy that henceforth public funds would be spent only on English","box":{"x":144,"y":335,"width":810,"height":28}},{"text":"education. The consequences of this decision were far-ranging, affec-","box":{"x":144,"y":361,"width":813,"height":28}},{"text":"ting many areas of administrative policy. It also gave impetus to","box":{"x":147,"y":384,"width":810,"height":29}},{"text":"Christian educational programmes. G. M. Young, ed., Thomas","box":{"x":143,"y":410,"width":813,"height":28}},{"text":"Babington Macaulay. Prose and Poetry. Cited. in William Theodore","box":{"x":140,"y":436,"width":816,"height":32}},{"text":"de Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition, pp. 596-601.","box":{"x":140,"y":459,"width":578,"height":27}},{"text":"We now come to the gist of the matter. We have a fund to be","box":{"x":137,"y":513,"width":862,"height":29}},{"text":"employed as government shall direct for the intellectual improve-","box":{"x":92,"y":540,"width":907,"height":35}},{"text":"ment of the people of this country. The simple question is, what","box":{"x":88,"y":566,"width":911,"height":35}},{"text":"is the most useful way of employing it?","box":{"x":94,"y":594,"width":546,"height":32}},{"text":"All parties seem to be agreed on one point, that the dialects","box":{"x":130,"y":650,"width":866,"height":35}},{"text":"commonly spoken among the natives of this part of India contain","box":{"x":92,"y":676,"width":903,"height":36}},{"text":"neither literary nor scientific information, and are, moreover, so","box":{"x":92,"y":707,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"poor and rude that, until they are enriched from some other quarter,","box":{"x":89,"y":736,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"it will not be easy to translate any valuable work into them. It","box":{"x":92,"y":760,"width":905,"height":32}},{"text":"seems to be admitted on all sides that the intellectual improvement","box":{"x":91,"y":788,"width":905,"height":36}},{"text":"of those classes of the people who have the means of pursuing higher","box":{"x":88,"y":817,"width":910,"height":35}},{"text":"studies can at present be effected only by means of some language","box":{"x":88,"y":845,"width":908,"height":35}},{"text":"not vernacular amongst them.","box":{"x":88,"y":871,"width":410,"height":28}},{"text":"What then shall that language be? One-half of the committee","box":{"x":130,"y":929,"width":866,"height":34}},{"text":"maintain that it should be the English. The other half strongly","box":{"x":87,"y":955,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"recommended the Arabic and Sanscrit. The whole question seems","box":{"x":88,"y":985,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"to me to be, which language is the best worth knowing?","box":{"x":87,"y":1011,"width":759,"height":35}},{"text":"I have no knowledge of either Sanscrit or Arabic. But I have","box":{"x":134,"y":1067,"width":861,"height":31}},{"text":"done what I could to form a correct estimate of their value. I have","box":{"x":82,"y":1096,"width":911,"height":29}},{"text":"read translations of the most celebrated Arabic and Sanscrit works.","box":{"x":87,"y":1124,"width":905,"height":27}},{"text":"I have conversed both here and at home with men distinguished by","box":{"x":82,"y":1150,"width":911,"height":35}},{"text":"their proficiency in the Eastern tongues. I am quite ready to take","box":{"x":82,"y":1179,"width":910,"height":34}},{"text":"the Oriental learning at the valuation of the Orientalists themselves,","box":{"x":84,"y":1209,"width":910,"height":29}},{"text":"I have never found one among them who could deny that a single","box":{"x":81,"y":1235,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"shelf of a good European library worth the whole native literature","box":{"x":81,"y":1265,"width":912,"height":31}},{"text":"of India and Arabia. The intrinsic superiority of the Western","box":{"x":81,"y":1289,"width":911,"height":36}},{"text":"literature is, indeed, fully admitted by those members of the com-","box":{"x":82,"y":1320,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"mittee who support the Oriental plan of Education.","box":{"x":77,"y":1347,"width":701,"height":35}},{"text":"It will hardly be disputed, I suppose, that the department of","box":{"x":124,"y":1406,"width":868,"height":34}},{"text":"literature in which the Eastern writers stand highest is poetry. And","box":{"x":79,"y":1433,"width":911,"height":35}},{"text":"I certainly never met with any Orientalist who ventured to maintain","box":{"x":75,"y":1462,"width":915,"height":32}},{"text":"that Arabic and Sanscrit poetry could be compared to that of the","box":{"x":75,"y":1488,"width":915,"height":36}},{"text":"great European nations. But when we pass from works of imagi-","box":{"x":75,"y":1516,"width":914,"height":35}}]},"123":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00147-4a028b6d26b6d5d7e22b.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":423,"y":168,"width":246,"height":20}},{"text":"123","box":{"x":947,"y":161,"width":49,"height":21}},{"text":"nation to works in which facts are recorded, and general principles","box":{"x":97,"y":216,"width":898,"height":31}},{"text":"investigated, the superiority of the Europeans becomes absolutely","box":{"x":98,"y":243,"width":903,"height":34}},{"text":"immeasurable. It is, I I believe, no exaggeration to say, that all the","box":{"x":97,"y":269,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"historic information which has been collected from m all the books","box":{"x":92,"y":297,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"written in the Sanscrit language is less valuable than what may be","box":{"x":91,"y":327,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"found in the most paltry abridgements used at preparatory schools","box":{"x":97,"y":355,"width":900,"height":34}},{"text":"in England. In every branch of physical or moral philosophy, the","box":{"x":98,"y":383,"width":898,"height":32}},{"text":"relative position of the two nations is nearly the same.","box":{"x":99,"y":413,"width":698,"height":31}},{"text":"How, then, stands the case? We have to educate a people who","box":{"x":139,"y":469,"width":858,"height":31}},{"text":"cannot, at present be educated by means of their mother tongue.","box":{"x":95,"y":495,"width":904,"height":36}},{"text":"We must teach them some foreign language. The claims of our","box":{"x":92,"y":523,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"own language it is hardly necessary to recapitulate. It stands pre-","box":{"x":97,"y":551,"width":903,"height":34}},{"text":"eminent even among the languages of the West. It abounds with","box":{"x":94,"y":579,"width":905,"height":34}},{"text":"work of imagination not inferior to the noblest which Greece has","box":{"x":94,"y":607,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"bequeathed to us; with models of every species of eloquence; with","box":{"x":94,"y":634,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"historical compositions, which, considered merely as narratives,","box":{"x":92,"y":662,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"have seldom been surpassed, and which, considered as vehicles of","box":{"x":95,"y":689,"width":910,"height":35}},{"text":"ethical and political instruction, have never been equalled; with","box":{"x":95,"y":718,"width":905,"height":32}},{"text":"just and lively representations of human life and human nature;","box":{"x":92,"y":744,"width":908,"height":35}},{"text":"with the most profound speculations on metaphysics, morals,","box":{"x":94,"y":772,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"government, jurisprudence, and trade; with full and correct infor-","box":{"x":97,"y":800,"width":905,"height":35}},{"text":"mation respecting every experimental science which tends to preserve","box":{"x":95,"y":828,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"the health, to increase the comfort, or to expand the intellect of","box":{"x":95,"y":855,"width":912,"height":32}},{"text":"man. Whoever knows that language has ready access to all the","box":{"x":97,"y":883,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"vast intellectual wealth, which all the wisest nations of the earth","box":{"x":95,"y":912,"width":908,"height":31}},{"text":"have created and hoarded in the course of ninety generations. It","box":{"x":98,"y":937,"width":905,"height":34}},{"text":"may safely be said that the literature now extant in that language","box":{"x":97,"y":967,"width":907,"height":36}},{"text":"is of far greater value than all the literature which three hundred","box":{"x":98,"y":994,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"years ago was extant in all the languages of the world together.","box":{"x":95,"y":1024,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"Nor is this all. In India, English is the language spoken by the","box":{"x":92,"y":1050,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"ruling class. It is spoken by the higher class of natives at the seats","box":{"x":99,"y":1081,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"of government. It is likely to become the language of commerce","box":{"x":95,"y":1106,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"throughout the seas of the East. It is the language of two great","box":{"x":97,"y":1135,"width":905,"height":32}},{"text":"European communities which are rising, the one in the south of","box":{"x":92,"y":1162,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"Africa, the other in Australasia, communities which are every year","box":{"x":90,"y":1190,"width":912,"height":31}},{"text":"becoming more important and more closely connected with, our","box":{"x":92,"y":1216,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"Indian empire. Whether we look at the intrinsic value of our","box":{"x":95,"y":1245,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"literature, or at the particular situation of this country, we shall","box":{"x":98,"y":1273,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"see the strongest reason to think that, of all foreign tongues, the","box":{"x":99,"y":1300,"width":903,"height":34}},{"text":"English tongue is that which should be the most useful to our native","box":{"x":91,"y":1328,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"subjects.","box":{"x":97,"y":1358,"width":116,"height":29}},{"text":"The question now before us is simply whether, when it is in our","box":{"x":139,"y":1415,"width":862,"height":36}},{"text":"power to teach this language, we shall teach languages in which,","box":{"x":94,"y":1441,"width":905,"height":34}},{"text":"by the universal confession, there are no books on any subjects","box":{"x":94,"y":1468,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"which deserve to be compared to our own; whether, when we can","box":{"x":91,"y":1499,"width":910,"height":31}},{"text":"teach European science, we shall teach systems which, by universal","box":{"x":94,"y":1522,"width":904,"height":36}}]},"124":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00148-8d7e43c48e1b372545d0.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"124","box":{"x":162,"y":161,"width":55,"height":18}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":383,"y":162,"width":467,"height":20}},{"text":"confession, whenever they differ from those of Europe, differ for","box":{"x":164,"y":211,"width":907,"height":31}},{"text":"the worse; and whether, when we can patronise sound philosophy","box":{"x":162,"y":241,"width":908,"height":31}},{"text":"and true history, we shall countenance, at the public expense,","box":{"x":165,"y":266,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"medical doctrines which would disgrace an English farrier, astro-","box":{"x":165,"y":295,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"nomy which would move laughter in girls at an English boarding","box":{"x":165,"y":323,"width":905,"height":32}},{"text":"school, history abounding with kings thirty feet high and reigns","box":{"x":165,"y":352,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"thirty thousand years long, and geography made up of seas of treacle","box":{"x":164,"y":379,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"and seas of butter","box":{"x":167,"y":410,"width":245,"height":21}},{"text":"All the declamations in the world about the love and reverence","box":{"x":209,"y":463,"width":858,"height":25}},{"text":"of the natives for their sacred dialects will never, in the mind of any","box":{"x":165,"y":493,"width":904,"height":28}},{"text":"impartial person, outweigh the undisputed fact that we cannot find,","box":{"x":168,"y":521,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"in all our vast empire, a single student who will let us teach him","box":{"x":167,"y":545,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"those dialects unless we will pay him Why then is it necessary","box":{"x":167,"y":575,"width":903,"height":34}},{"text":"to pay people to learn Sanscrit and Arabic? Evidently because it is","box":{"x":167,"y":602,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"universally felt that the Sanscrit and Arabic are languages, the","box":{"x":165,"y":630,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"knowledge which does not compensate for the trouble of acquiring","box":{"x":162,"y":657,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"them. On all such subjects the state of the market is the decisive","box":{"x":167,"y":686,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"test.","box":{"x":165,"y":721,"width":59,"height":18}},{"text":"(Answering the claims of the Orientalists, he asserted): But there","box":{"x":211,"y":769,"width":858,"height":32}},{"text":"is yet another argument which seems even more untenable. It is","box":{"x":169,"y":798,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"said that the Sanscrit and Arabic are the languages in which the","box":{"x":169,"y":826,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"sacred books of a hundred millions of people are written, and that","box":{"x":168,"y":854,"width":904,"height":29}},{"text":"they are, on that account, entitled to peculiar encouragement.","box":{"x":167,"y":881,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"Assuredly it is the duty of the British government in India to be","box":{"x":162,"y":907,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"not only tolerant, but neutral on all religious questions. But to","box":{"x":168,"y":936,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"encourage the study of a literature admitted to be of small intrinsic","box":{"x":168,"y":965,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"value, only because that literature inculcates the most serious","box":{"x":169,"y":993,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"errors on the most important subjects, is a course hardly reconci-","box":{"x":167,"y":1020,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"lable with reason, with morality, or even with that very neutrality","box":{"x":167,"y":1047,"width":905,"height":32}},{"text":"which ought as we all agree, to be sacredly preserved. It is confessed","box":{"x":165,"y":1077,"width":907,"height":31}},{"text":"that a language is barren of useful knowledge. We are to teach it","box":{"x":168,"y":1103,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"because it is fruitful of monstrous superstitions. We are to teach","box":{"x":165,"y":1133,"width":905,"height":29}},{"text":"false history, false astronomy, false medicine, because we find them","box":{"x":169,"y":1161,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"in company with a false religion. We abstain, and I trust shall","box":{"x":168,"y":1187,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"always abstain, from giving any public encouragement to those","box":{"x":168,"y":1217,"width":905,"height":31}},{"text":"who are engaged in the work of converting natives to Christianity.","box":{"x":165,"y":1244,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"And while we act thus, can we reasonably and decently bribe men","box":{"x":162,"y":1271,"width":908,"height":31}},{"text":"out of the revenues of the state to waste their youth in learning how","box":{"x":169,"y":1301,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"they are to purify themselves after touching an ass or what text of","box":{"x":167,"y":1329,"width":908,"height":31}},{"text":"the Vedas they are to repeat to expiate the crime of killing a goat?","box":{"x":169,"y":1358,"width":903,"height":29}},{"text":"It is taken for granted by the advocates of Oriental learning that","box":{"x":210,"y":1414,"width":861,"height":29}},{"text":"no native of this country can possibly attain more than a mere","box":{"x":167,"y":1441,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"smattering of English. They do not attempt to prove this; but","box":{"x":167,"y":1468,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"they perpetually insinuate it. They designate the education which","box":{"x":167,"y":1497,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"their opponents recommend as a mere spelling book education.","box":{"x":167,"y":1524,"width":904,"height":32}}]},"125":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00149-b96145cd7b6bbdca496a.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":504,"y":162,"width":246,"height":18}},{"text":"125","box":{"x":1029,"y":162,"width":52,"height":18}},{"text":"They assume it as undeniable, that the question is between a pro-","box":{"x":172,"y":212,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"found knowledge of Hindu and Arabian literature and science","box":{"x":175,"y":238,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"on one side and a superficial knowledge of the rudiments of English","box":{"x":175,"y":268,"width":903,"height":29}},{"text":"on the other. This is not merely an assumption, but an assumption","box":{"x":176,"y":296,"width":903,"height":34}},{"text":"contrary to all reason and experience. We know that foreigners","box":{"x":172,"y":324,"width":905,"height":32}},{"text":"of all nations do learn our language sufficiently to have access to","box":{"x":176,"y":352,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"all the most abstruse knowledge which it contains, sufficiently to","box":{"x":176,"y":377,"width":903,"height":34}},{"text":"relish even the most delicate graces of our most idiomatic writers.","box":{"x":178,"y":406,"width":901,"height":28}},{"text":"There are in this very town natives who are quite competent to","box":{"x":176,"y":433,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"discuss political or scientific questions with fluency and precision","box":{"x":172,"y":460,"width":908,"height":34}},{"text":"in the English language. I have heard the very question on which","box":{"x":179,"y":488,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"I am now writing, discussed by native gentlemen with a liberality","box":{"x":176,"y":516,"width":905,"height":34}},{"text":"and intelligence which would do credit to any member of the Com-","box":{"x":178,"y":544,"width":905,"height":28}},{"text":"mittee of Public Instruction. Indeed it is unusual to find, even in","box":{"x":176,"y":572,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"the literary circles of the continent, any foreigner who can express","box":{"x":176,"y":600,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"himself in English with SO much facility and correctness","box":{"x":176,"y":626,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"as we find in many Hindus. Nobody, I suppose, will contend","box":{"x":172,"y":653,"width":910,"height":38}},{"text":"that English is so difficult to a Hindu as Greek to an Englishman.","box":{"x":175,"y":681,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"Yet an intelligent English youth, in a much smaller number of years","box":{"x":174,"y":711,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"than our unfortunate pupils pass at the Sanscrit College, becomes","box":{"x":176,"y":737,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"able to read, to enjoy, and to imitate, not unhappily, compositions","box":{"x":178,"y":765,"width":903,"height":35}},{"text":"of the best Greek authors. Less than half the time which enables","box":{"x":176,"y":791,"width":904,"height":31}},{"text":"an English youth to read Herodotus and Sophoclis ought to enable","box":{"x":179,"y":823,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"a Hindu to read Hume and Milton.","box":{"x":179,"y":850,"width":477,"height":25}},{"text":"To sum up what I have said, I think it clear that we are not","box":{"x":224,"y":906,"width":859,"height":29}},{"text":"fettered by the Act of Parliament of 1813; that we are not fettered","box":{"x":181,"y":936,"width":901,"height":28}},{"text":"by any pledge expressed or implied; that we are free to employ","box":{"x":181,"y":961,"width":903,"height":34}},{"text":"our funds as we choose; that we ought to employ them in teaching","box":{"x":181,"y":990,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"what is best worth knowing; that English is better worth knowing","box":{"x":176,"y":1018,"width":908,"height":31}},{"text":"than Sanscrit or Arabic; that the natives are desirous to be taught","box":{"x":181,"y":1047,"width":901,"height":31}},{"text":"English, and are not desirous to be taught Sanscrit or Arabic;","box":{"x":181,"y":1074,"width":901,"height":29}},{"text":"that neither as the languages of law, nor as the languages of religion,","box":{"x":181,"y":1101,"width":901,"height":34}},{"text":"have the Sanscrit and Arabic any peculiar claim to our engagement;","box":{"x":182,"y":1129,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"that it is possible to make natives of this country thoroughly English","box":{"x":181,"y":1158,"width":900,"height":29}},{"text":"scholars; and that to this end our efforts ought to be directed.","box":{"x":182,"y":1187,"width":824,"height":28}},{"text":"In point I fully agree with the gentlemen to whose general views","box":{"x":220,"y":1242,"width":862,"height":29}},{"text":"I am opposed. I feel with them that it is impossible for us, with our","box":{"x":182,"y":1270,"width":903,"height":31}},{"text":"limited means, to attempt to educate the body of the people. We","box":{"x":183,"y":1297,"width":901,"height":32}},{"text":"must at present do our best to form a class who may be interpreters","box":{"x":181,"y":1325,"width":903,"height":29}},{"text":"between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons,","box":{"x":180,"y":1353,"width":903,"height":32}},{"text":"Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in","box":{"x":183,"y":1379,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"morals and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the","box":{"x":183,"y":1407,"width":903,"height":28}},{"text":"vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with","box":{"x":185,"y":1435,"width":900,"height":28}},{"text":"terms and science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and","box":{"x":183,"y":1461,"width":903,"height":34}},{"text":"to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge","box":{"x":182,"y":1489,"width":904,"height":34}},{"text":"to the great mass of the population.","box":{"x":185,"y":1519,"width":483,"height":31}}]}}}