{ "book_metadata": { "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials", "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose", "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge", "published_on": "2011" }, "chunks": [ { "chunk_index": 1, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The Upper-Cloth Rebellion", "chunk_data": "111. THE UPPER-CLOTH REBELLION: LETTER OF T. MADAVA RAO TO GENERAL CULLEN (1859 A.D.)", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "T. Madava Rao", "General Cullen" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "The chapter presents T. Madava Rao's letter to General Cullen about the Upper-Cloth Rebellion.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Social Conflict", "Colonial India" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 2, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Shanar Dress Restrictions", "chunk_data": "According to tradition the low caste Shanar women of Travancore were not permitted by the upper castes to wear any clothing above the waist.", "time": { "start_year": null, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": null, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Before the rebellion" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanar women" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Upper castes traditionally prohibited low-caste Shanar women from covering the upper parts of their bodies.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 3, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionaries Encourage Clothing", "chunk_data": "When Shanars were converted by London Missionary Society missionaries, they were requested to wear clothing on the upper portions of their bodies.", "time": { "start_year": null, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": null, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Before 1859" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanars", "London Missionary Society missionaries" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "London Missionary Society missionaries encouraged converted Shanars to cover the upper parts of their bodies.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Caste", "Missionaries" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 4, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Conflict Over Upper Clothing", "chunk_data": "When the Shanar women began doing so it led to a widespread conflict with the higher castes that came to be known as the Upper-Cloth Rebellion'.", "time": { "start_year": null, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Before and during 1859" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanar women", "Higher castes" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Shanar women's adoption of upper-body clothing provoked the conflict known as the Upper-Cloth Rebellion.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Social Conflict", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 5, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp" ], "chunk_title": "A Social Movement Emerges", "chunk_data": "Though the missionaries were undoubtedly motivated by their own western notions of propriety, the agitation, in fact, took on the character of a social movement.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "London Missionary Society missionaries" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "The clothing agitation developed beyond missionary influence into a broader social movement.", "tags": [ "Social Reform", "Christianity", "Caste" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 6, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Madava Rao Describes Events", "chunk_data": "Madava Rao, the Dewan of Travancore, wrote a letter to General Cullen, the British Resident, describing the situation.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Madava Rao", "General Cullen" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "The Dewan of Travancore reported the disturbances to the British Resident.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 7, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Source of the Letter", "chunk_data": "It is found in Copies of the Official Papers sent from India touching the Recent Disturbances in Travancore, 1859, pp. 8-10.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Travancore", "India" ], "event": "The letter was preserved in an official collection concerning the recent disturbances in Travancore.", "tags": [ "Sources", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 8, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Report of the Disturbances", "chunk_data": "Sir,\n1. I have the honour to submit to you a concise report of the Origin, progress and suppression of the recent disturbances in South Travancore, adding a few observations which the subject suggests.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "T. Madava Rao", "General Cullen" ], "places": [ "South Travancore" ], "event": "T. Madava Rao submitted a report on the origin, progress, and suppression of the disturbances.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 9, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 184, 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp", "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The 1829 Clothing Proclamation", "chunk_data": "2. You are aware that in the Malabar year 1004, corresponding with 1829, Christian era, her Highness the Ranee; with the concurrence of the British Resident, issued a proclamation, permitting the use of a jacket, called cooppayam, on the part of Christian Shanar women, and prohibiting the use of the upper cloth on the part of Hindu Shanar females.", "time": { "start_year": 1829, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1829, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1829 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "The Ranee", "Christian Shanar women", "Hindu Shanar women", "British Resident" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "The Ranee, with the British Resident's concurrence, permitted Christian Shanar women to wear jackets but prohibited Hindu Shanar women from wearing the upper cloth.", "tags": [ "Law", "Caste", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 10, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Dress Violations Increase", "chunk_data": "In contravention of the provisions of this proclamation, the Shanar women, particularly, those of converts to Christianity, had, it appears, begun, though not prominently, to wear a dress similar to that worn by Soodra and Brahmin females, and this you are aware, occasionally gave rise to trouble ere this.", "time": { "start_year": 1829, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1829–1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanar women", "Christian converts", "Soodra women", "Brahmin women" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Some Shanar women, especially Christian converts, began adopting the dress of Soodra and Brahmin women despite the proclamation.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Social Conflict", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 11, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Resistance Intensifies", "chunk_data": "About the time of the appearance of Her Majesty's Proclamation, either the practice became more general and conspicuous, or the Soodras felt more encouraged to resist it, or, what was perhaps more likely, both the causes operated together.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 11, "start_date": 1, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 11, "end_date": null, "time_display": "November 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanar women", "Soodras" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Around the time of Queen Victoria's 1858 Proclamation, Shanar dress practices became more visible while Soodra resistance increased.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Politics", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 12, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Both Communities Become Determined", "chunk_data": "Both parties became equally determined.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanars", "Soodras" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Shanars and Soodras became firmly committed to opposing one another over dress practices.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 13, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Shanars Press for Upper Cloth", "chunk_data": "The Shanars, probably influenced, in a measure, by the recent events in the contiguous district of Tinnevelly, would by all means bring the upper cloth into use.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanars" ], "places": [ "Tinnevelly", "Travancore" ], "event": "Influenced partly by events in neighboring Tinnevelly, the Shanars resolved to establish the use of the upper cloth.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Social Reform" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 14, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Christian Shanars Take the Lead", "chunk_data": "The Christian Shanars appear to have taken the lead, though they had less cause for complaint, the proclamation in question permitting their women to use jackets, which had been on all hands acknowledged as a more decent covering than the upper cloth.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Shanars" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Christian Shanars led the movement despite being permitted to wear jackets considered more decent than the upper cloth.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Caste", "Social Reform" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 15, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Demand for Dress Freedom", "chunk_data": "But they probably desired a total abolition of all restrictions as to dress, and calculated upon the sympathies and support of the European missionaries residing among them.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian Shanars", "European missionaries" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Christian Shanars sought the complete removal of dress restrictions and expected support from European missionaries.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Social Reform", "Caste" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 16, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Soodra Opposition Hardens", "chunk_data": "The Soodras, forming the majority of the population under the influence of caste feelings, which, you know, have least relaxed in force in Travancore, and feeling that they had the proclamation too much in their favour, equally resolved to put down the innovations attempted by the Shanars; from this state of feelings the steps to open disturbances were not many.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Soodras", "Shanars" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Soodras opposed Shanar dress innovations, believing caste practices and the proclamation supported their position, bringing open disturbances closer.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Social Conflict", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 17, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Attacks on Shanar Women", "chunk_data": "3. As the Shanars took it upon themselves to infringe the Proclamation of 1004 M. E., so too Soodras took it upon themselves to punish such infringement. The Shanar women were attacked when they openly appeared with what was considered the high caste costume.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanar women", "Soodras" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Soodras attacked Shanar women who publicly wore clothing regarded as high-caste dress.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Violence", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 18, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Shanars Retaliate", "chunk_data": "The Shanars, on the other hand, did not confine themselves to a bare defense; they, too, retaliated the outrages on Soodra women. Hostile feelings gathered strength.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanars", "Soodra women" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Shanars retaliated against Soodra women, intensifying hostility between the communities.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Violence", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 19, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Chapel Burned at Maycode", "chunk_data": "A chapel had been burnt down in Maycode on the 27th December last.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 27, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 27, "time_display": "27 December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Maycode" ], "event": "A chapel in Maycode was burned.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Violence", "Religious Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 20, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Kotar Bazaar Affray", "chunk_data": "An affray occurred in the Kotar bazar on the 30th idem.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 30, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 30, "time_display": "30 December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Kotar bazar" ], "event": "An affray took place in the Kotar bazaar.", "tags": [ "Violence", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 21, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Riot at Erneel Market", "chunk_data": "A more serious one, assuming the dimensions of a riot, also followed at the great market of Erneel on the 10th ultimo.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 10, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 10, "time_display": "10 December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Erneel" ], "event": "A serious riot broke out at the great market of Erneel.", "tags": [ "Violence", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 22, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Casualties and Complaints", "chunk_data": "The panic, it seems, was great, and men on both sides were said to have been severely ill-treated, and some wounded, though only a few appeared before the cutcherry with formal complaints, the others having probably been deterred by the consciousness of misconduct.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 10, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 10, "time_display": "10 December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanars", "Soodras" ], "places": [ "Erneel" ], "event": "The Erneel riot caused severe mistreatment and injuries, but few victims filed formal complaints.", "tags": [ "Violence", "Law", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 23, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Fires at Nagercoil", "chunk_data": "On the same night another chapel, and the Residency bungalow at Nagercoil, were destroyed by fire, evidently at the hands of incendiaries.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 10, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 10, "time_display": "10 December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Nagercoil" ], "event": "Another chapel and the Residency bungalow at Nagercoil were burned by suspected incendiaries.", "tags": [ "Violence", "Christianity", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 24, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Chapels and Schools Destroyed", "chunk_data": "Between the 11th and 16th two more chapels at different places shared the same fate; two missions schools were similarly destroyed;", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 11, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 16, "time_display": "11–16 December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Two additional chapels and two mission schools were destroyed.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Violence", "Education" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 25, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Tittoovellay Assault and Fires", "chunk_data": "a mob of Soodras assaulted a Shanar and his wife at Tittoovellay, and his house, and 27 houses adjoining it, were burnt down.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 11, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 16, "time_display": "11–16 December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Soodras", "A Shanar", "The Shanar's wife" ], "places": [ "Tittoovellay" ], "event": "A Soodra mob attacked a Shanar and his wife, and burned their house and 27 neighboring houses.", "tags": [ "Violence", "Caste", "Arson" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 26, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Threats Against Chapels", "chunk_data": "Other chapels and houses were said to have been openly threatened.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": null, "time_display": "December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "Further chapels and houses were openly threatened.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Violence" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 27, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 185, 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp", "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Shanar Resistance Preparations", "chunk_data": "It was reported that the Shanars of the Agasteeswarom district were raising men and money, and proposed combined and systematic resistance to Sirkar authority, and the plunder of the villages and towns. It was also clear that they had solicited the co-operation of the Shanars residing in the district of Tinnevelly in the vicinity of the frontier.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": null, "time_display": "December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanars of Agasteeswarom", "Shanars of Tinnevelly" ], "places": [ "Agasteeswarom", "Tinnevelly", "Travancore frontier" ], "event": "Shanars in Agasteeswarom reportedly gathered men and money for organized resistance and sought support from Shanars in Tinnevelly.", "tags": [ "Resistance", "Politics", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 28, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Complaints at Pudpanabapoorom", "chunk_data": "4. The first intimation I had of the existence of unsatisfactory feelings was, when I happened to be at Pudpanabapoorom, about the end of December last. Numbers of Shanars and Soodras, with Lubbays, waited on me, and complained against each other, on the subject of the upper cloth.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 31, "time_display": "Late December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Shanars", "Soodras", "Lubbays", "T. Madava Rao" ], "places": [ "Pudpanabapoorom" ], "event": "T. Madava Rao received complaints from Shanars, Soodras, and Lubbays about the upper-cloth dispute.", "tags": [ "Caste", "Politics", "Social Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 29, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Officials Request Public Warning", "chunk_data": "The police officer of Erneel also wrote to me on the subject. The Deputy Peishcar in charge of the southern division, too, thought it desirable that some kind of public warning was necessary.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 31, "time_display": "Late December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Police officer of Erneel", "Deputy Peishcar" ], "places": [ "Erneel", "Southern Travancore" ], "event": "Local officials urged T. Madava Rao to issue a public warning to prevent further disorder.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Law", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 30, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Defense of the Proclamation", "chunk_data": "It is obvious, that as long as the Proclamation of 1829 is in force, the Shanars, both Hindoos and Christians, are bound to conform to its provisions, that no section of subjects can be permitted to infringe a law affecting the great majority of the people, on the ground that, in their opinion, the law ought to be changed; that the only legitimate course open to them is to continue to submit to it, and formally to apply to the Sirkar for a change, with such facts and arguments as they may have to urge in their favour.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 27, "time_display": "December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Hindu Shanars", "Christian Shanars" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "T. Madava Rao argued that all Shanars had to obey the 1829 Proclamation and formally petition the Sirkar for any change.", "tags": [ "Law", "Politics", "Caste" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 31, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Public Warning Issued", "chunk_data": "On these considerations, a public warning was given on the 27th of December last, to the effect that existing rules and usages should be respected; that if any class of people desired a change, they should represent the case to the Sirkar, and await its decision; that, on the other hand, on no account should breaches of the peace be caused.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 27, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 27, "time_display": "27 December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "T. Madava Rao" ], "places": [ "Travancore" ], "event": "The authorities warned the population to respect existing rules, petition for changes, and avoid breaches of the peace.", "tags": [ "Law", "Politics", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 32, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Troops Sent South", "chunk_data": "For a short while there was an appearance of quiet; but soon after the Peishcar in the south reported the Kotar affray, and suggested that the police should be strengthened, and that a detachment of Sepoys should be sent down to overawe.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 30, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": 1, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late December 1858–early 1859" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Peishcar", "Sepoys" ], "places": [ "Kotar", "Southern Travancore" ], "event": "After the Kotar affray, the southern Peishcar requested stronger police forces and a military detachment.", "tags": [ "Military", "Law", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 33, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Nair Brigade Deployed", "chunk_data": "Orders were forthwith given accordingly; and a detachment of the Nair Brigade consisting of 100 rank and file, with the usual complement of commissioned and non-commissioned, were sent at once.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": 1, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": 1, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Early 1859" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Nair Brigade" ], "places": [ "Southern Travancore" ], "event": "A detachment of 100 rank and file from the Nair Brigade was dispatched to restore order.", "tags": [ "Military", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 34, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionaries Report the Crisis", "chunk_data": "Some members of the London Mission, residing in the south, arrived at Trivandrum, and personally represented to yourself and to me the state of matters there.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": 1, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": 1, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Early 1859" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Members of the London Mission", "T. Madava Rao", "General Cullen" ], "places": [ "Southern Travancore", "Trivandrum" ], "event": "London Mission members informed Madava Rao and General Cullen about conditions in the south.", "tags": [ "Christianity", "Politics", "Missionaries" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 35, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Madava Rao Travels South", "chunk_data": "I had the permission of his Highness and yourself to go to the scene of disturbances.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": 1, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": 1, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Early 1859" }, "meta": { "people": [ "T. Madava Rao", "The Maharaja of Travancore", "General Cullen" ], "places": [ "Southern Travancore" ], "event": "Madava Rao received permission from the Maharaja and General Cullen to visit the disturbed area.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 36, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Arrival at Pudpanabapoorom", "chunk_data": "5. On the 14th ultimo I reached Pudpanabapoorom. A detachment of the Nair Brigade had already arrived there on the 11th.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 14, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": 14, "time_display": "14 December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "T. Madava Rao", "Nair Brigade" ], "places": [ "Pudpanabapoorom" ], "event": "Madava Rao reached Pudpanabapoorom, where a Nair Brigade detachment had arrived three days earlier.", "tags": [ "Military", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 37, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Captain Daily Takes Command", "chunk_data": "I was followed by Captain Daily, who was put in command of all the troops in the southern districts.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 14, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": null, "time_display": "December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Captain Daily" ], "places": [ "Southern Travancore" ], "event": "Captain Daily assumed command of all troops in the southern districts.", "tags": [ "Military", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 38, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Security Measures Expanded", "chunk_data": "The troops were moved where mischief was apprehended. The police was further strengthened in different places; auxiliary police officers were appointed to keep the peace, and speedily inquire into and dispose of police cases, which were of course expected to be numerous at the time.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": 14, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": null, "time_display": "December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Nair Brigade", "Auxiliary police officers" ], "places": [ "Southern Travancore" ], "event": "Troops and police were redeployed and auxiliary officers appointed to maintain order and process the expected cases.", "tags": [ "Military", "Law", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 39, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Officials Suspended", "chunk_data": "Some minor Sirkar officials, who appeared to have acted improperly were suspended from employment.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": null, "time_display": "December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Minor Sirkar officials" ], "places": [ "Southern Travancore" ], "event": "Minor government officials suspected of improper conduct were suspended.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Law", "Colonial Administration" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 40, "chapter_name": "1859. The Upper-Cloth Rebellion: Letter of T. Madhava Rao to General Cullen", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Leaders Face Investigation", "chunk_data": "Some of the leaders of", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 12, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": 12, "end_date": null, "time_display": "December 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leaders of the disturbances" ], "places": [ "Southern Travancore" ], "event": "Madava Rao began describing action against some leaders of the disturbances; the account continues beyond the supplied pages.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Law", "Colonial Administration" ] } } ] }