{"pages":{"184":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00208-ee61e7fa1de04c631431.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"184","box":{"x":160,"y":155,"width":53,"height":21}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":381,"y":162,"width":472,"height":18}},{"text":"Government. Nay, indeed, it has already been rejected. The","box":{"x":157,"y":208,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"Proclamation of Queen Victoria, which, on the 1st November,","box":{"x":157,"y":237,"width":917,"height":35}},{"text":"1858, was promulgated by the Indian Viceroy to the princes and","box":{"x":157,"y":267,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"the people of the country, contained these significant words;","box":{"x":161,"y":295,"width":889,"height":36}},{"text":"* Firmly relying ourselves on the truth of Christianity, and acknow-","box":{"x":157,"y":322,"width":915,"height":31}},{"text":"ledging with gratitude the solace of religion, we disclaim alike the","box":{"x":161,"y":352,"width":912,"height":32}},{"text":"right and the desire to impose our conviction on any of our","box":{"x":161,"y":379,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"subjects. We declare it to be our Royal will and pleasure, that","box":{"x":158,"y":405,"width":914,"height":36}},{"text":"none be in any wise favoured, none molested or disquieted, by","box":{"x":158,"y":435,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"reason of their religious faith and observances, but that all shall","box":{"x":161,"y":463,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"alike enjoy the equal and impartial protection of the law; and we","box":{"x":158,"y":491,"width":914,"height":32}},{"text":"do strictly charge and enjoin those who may be in authority under","box":{"x":154,"y":518,"width":917,"height":35}},{"text":"us that they abstain from all interference with the religious belief","box":{"x":157,"y":546,"width":917,"height":31}},{"text":"or worship of any of our subjects, on pain of our highest displeasure.'","box":{"x":157,"y":573,"width":911,"height":35}},{"text":"In these words the Christianity of the British Government and the","box":{"x":157,"y":602,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"British nation is worthily asserted, and the toleration of the State","box":{"x":151,"y":628,"width":919,"height":35}},{"text":"distinctly proclaimed","box":{"x":157,"y":657,"width":291,"height":31}},{"text":"111. THE UPPER-CLOTH REBELLION: LETTER OF","box":{"x":155,"y":751,"width":910,"height":27}},{"text":"T. MADAVA RAO TO GENERAL CULLEN (1859 A.D.)","box":{"x":218,"y":778,"width":794,"height":31}},{"text":"According to tradition the low caste Shanar women of Travancore","box":{"x":239,"y":833,"width":778,"height":24}},{"text":"were not permitted by the upper castes to wear any clothing above","box":{"x":202,"y":859,"width":817,"height":27}},{"text":"the waist. When Shanars were converted by London Missionary","box":{"x":203,"y":881,"width":813,"height":28}},{"text":"Society missionaries, they were requested to wear clothing on the upper","box":{"x":201,"y":906,"width":819,"height":29}},{"text":"portions of their bodies. When the Shanar women began doing so it","box":{"x":200,"y":932,"width":816,"height":27}},{"text":"led to a widespread conflict with the higher castes that came to be known","box":{"x":203,"y":956,"width":813,"height":27}},{"text":"as the Upper-Cloth Rebellion'. Though the missionaries were un-","box":{"x":201,"y":981,"width":815,"height":27}},{"text":"doubtedly motivated by their own western notions of propriety, the","box":{"x":199,"y":1005,"width":817,"height":29}},{"text":"agitation, in fact, took on the character of a social movement.","box":{"x":203,"y":1030,"width":813,"height":27}},{"text":"Madava Rao, the Dewan of Trvancore, wrote a letter to General","box":{"x":201,"y":1055,"width":813,"height":27}},{"text":"Cullen, the British Resident, describing the situation. It is found in","box":{"x":197,"y":1081,"width":819,"height":27}},{"text":"Copies of the Official Papers Pape sent from India touching the Recent","box":{"x":196,"y":1107,"width":820,"height":28}},{"text":"Disturbances in Travancore, 1859, pp. 8-10.","box":{"x":194,"y":1130,"width":507,"height":28}},{"text":"Sir,","box":{"x":151,"y":1198,"width":49,"height":22}},{"text":"1. I have the honour to submit to you a concise report of the","box":{"x":197,"y":1245,"width":861,"height":34}},{"text":"Origin, progress and suppression of the recent disturbances in South","box":{"x":148,"y":1274,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"Travancore, adding a few observations which the subject suggests.","box":{"x":144,"y":1302,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"2. You are aware that in the Malabar year 1004, corresponding","box":{"x":194,"y":1353,"width":865,"height":34}},{"text":"with 1829, Christian era, her Highness the Ranee; with the concur-","box":{"x":147,"y":1382,"width":911,"height":31}},{"text":"rence of the British Resident, issued a proclamation, permitting","box":{"x":151,"y":1410,"width":907,"height":32}},{"text":"the use of a jacket, called cooppayam, on the part of Christian","box":{"x":150,"y":1437,"width":907,"height":34}},{"text":"Shanar women, and prohibiting the use of the upper cloth on the","box":{"x":148,"y":1465,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"part of Hindu Shanar females. In contravention of the provisions","box":{"x":147,"y":1495,"width":910,"height":29}},{"text":"of this proclamation, the Shanar women, particularly, those of","box":{"x":144,"y":1521,"width":917,"height":34}}]},"185":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00209-669e96b9a6509924025f.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS.","box":{"x":488,"y":156,"width":253,"height":21}},{"text":"185","box":{"x":1020,"y":154,"width":55,"height":20}},{"text":"converts to Christianity, had, it appears, begun, though not promi-","box":{"x":158,"y":204,"width":914,"height":36}},{"text":"nently, to wear a dress similar to that worn by Soodra and Brahmin","box":{"x":157,"y":230,"width":914,"height":34}},{"text":"females, and this you are aware, occasionally gave rise to trouble","box":{"x":160,"y":257,"width":911,"height":38}},{"text":"ere this. About the time of the appearance of Her Majesty's","box":{"x":155,"y":287,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"Proclamation, either the practice became more general and cons-","box":{"x":151,"y":314,"width":919,"height":35}},{"text":"picuous, or the Soodras felt more encouraged to resist it, or, what","box":{"x":155,"y":343,"width":914,"height":36}},{"text":"was perhaps more likely, both the causes operated together. Both","box":{"x":153,"y":371,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"parties became equally determined. The Shanars, probably","box":{"x":154,"y":399,"width":915,"height":35}},{"text":"influenced, in a measure, by the recent events in the contiguous","box":{"x":158,"y":425,"width":910,"height":38}},{"text":"district of Tinnevelly, would by all means bring the upper cloth","box":{"x":151,"y":453,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"into use. The Christian Shanars appear to have taken the lead,","box":{"x":157,"y":480,"width":912,"height":36}},{"text":"though they had less cause for complaint, the proclamation in","box":{"x":157,"y":509,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"question permitting their women to use jackets, which had been","box":{"x":154,"y":535,"width":914,"height":35}},{"text":"on all hands acknowledged as a more decent covering than the","box":{"x":154,"y":564,"width":914,"height":34}},{"text":"upper cloth. But they probably desired a total abolition of all","box":{"x":154,"y":592,"width":914,"height":34}},{"text":"restrictions as to dress, and calculated upon the sympathies and","box":{"x":157,"y":621,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"support of the European missionaries residing among them. The","box":{"x":155,"y":649,"width":911,"height":35}},{"text":"Soodras, forming the majority of the population under the influence","box":{"x":155,"y":675,"width":910,"height":36}},{"text":"of caste feelings, which, you know, have least relaxed in force in","box":{"x":154,"y":703,"width":912,"height":35}},{"text":"Travancore, and feeling that they had the proclamation too much","box":{"x":150,"y":732,"width":915,"height":32}},{"text":"in their favour, equally resolved to put down the innovations","box":{"x":155,"y":758,"width":910,"height":35}},{"text":"attempted by the Shanars; from this state of feelings the steps to","box":{"x":152,"y":789,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"open disturbances were not many.","box":{"x":151,"y":816,"width":463,"height":29}},{"text":"3. As the Shanars took it upon themselves to infringe the","box":{"x":194,"y":872,"width":869,"height":34}},{"text":"Proclamation of 1004 M. E., so too Soodras took it upon them-","box":{"x":143,"y":900,"width":921,"height":35}},{"text":"selves to punish such infringement. The Shanar women were","box":{"x":150,"y":926,"width":912,"height":35}},{"text":"attacked when they openly appeared with what was considered the","box":{"x":150,"y":956,"width":912,"height":32}},{"text":"high caste costume. The Shanars, on the other hand, did not","box":{"x":148,"y":983,"width":914,"height":32}},{"text":"confine themselves to a bare defense; they, too, retaliated the","box":{"x":148,"y":1011,"width":914,"height":36}},{"text":"outrages on Soodra women. Hostile feelings gathered strength.","box":{"x":147,"y":1039,"width":910,"height":35}},{"text":"A chapel had been burnt down in Maycode on the 27th December","box":{"x":143,"y":1067,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"last. An affray occurred in the Kotar bazar on the 30th idem.","box":{"x":151,"y":1094,"width":904,"height":32}},{"text":"A more serious one, assuming the dimensions of a riot, also followed","box":{"x":141,"y":1122,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"at the great market of Erneel on the 10th ultimo. The panic, it","box":{"x":150,"y":1150,"width":910,"height":35}},{"text":"seems, was great, and men on both sides were said to have been","box":{"x":148,"y":1182,"width":910,"height":28}},{"text":"severely ill-treated, and some wounded, though only a few appeared","box":{"x":148,"y":1208,"width":908,"height":32}},{"text":"before the cutcherry with formal complaints, the others having","box":{"x":146,"y":1233,"width":912,"height":38}},{"text":"probably been deterred by the consciousness of misconduct. On","box":{"x":143,"y":1262,"width":914,"height":31}},{"text":"the same night another chapel, and the Residency bungalow at","box":{"x":143,"y":1290,"width":914,"height":34}},{"text":"Nagercoil, were destroyed by fire, evidently at the hands of incendi-","box":{"x":141,"y":1319,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"aries. Between the 11th and 16th two more chapels at different","box":{"x":146,"y":1345,"width":908,"height":35}},{"text":"places shared the same fate; two missions schools were similarly","box":{"x":144,"y":1375,"width":912,"height":35}},{"text":"destroyed; a mob of Soodras assaulted a Shanar and his wife at","box":{"x":143,"y":1402,"width":912,"height":29}},{"text":"Tittoovellay, and his house, and 27 houses adjoining it, were burnt","box":{"x":140,"y":1429,"width":914,"height":35}},{"text":"down. Other chapels and houses were said to have been openly","box":{"x":136,"y":1457,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"threatened. It was reported that the Shanars of the Agasteeswarom","box":{"x":138,"y":1486,"width":914,"height":31}},{"text":"district were raising men and money, and proposed combined and","box":{"x":136,"y":1512,"width":918,"height":34}}]},"186":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00210-bf4cb68a52adbf031cc0.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"186","box":{"x":155,"y":147,"width":56,"height":21}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":376,"y":157,"width":479,"height":20}},{"text":"systematic resistance to Sirkar authority, and the plunder of the","box":{"x":158,"y":205,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"villages and towns. It was also clear that they had solicited the","box":{"x":154,"y":230,"width":914,"height":35}},{"text":"co-operation of the Shanars residing in the district of Tinnevelly","box":{"x":154,"y":258,"width":914,"height":36}},{"text":"in the vicinity of the frontier.","box":{"x":160,"y":285,"width":396,"height":32}},{"text":"4. The first intimation I had of the existence of unsatisfactory","box":{"x":196,"y":343,"width":872,"height":34}},{"text":"feelings was, when I happened to be at Pudpanabapoorom, about","box":{"x":155,"y":370,"width":912,"height":36}},{"text":"the end of December last. Numbers of Shanars and Soodras,","box":{"x":154,"y":398,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"with Lubbays, waited on me, and complained against each other,","box":{"x":151,"y":426,"width":915,"height":35}},{"text":"on the subject of the upper cloth. The police officer of Erneel also","box":{"x":155,"y":455,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"wrote to me on the subject. The Deputy Peishcar in charge of the","box":{"x":151,"y":482,"width":915,"height":35}},{"text":"southern division, too, thought it desirable that some kind of public","box":{"x":155,"y":510,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"warning was necessary. It is obvious, that as long as the Procla-","box":{"x":147,"y":538,"width":918,"height":32}},{"text":"mation of 1829 is in force, the Shanars, both Hindoos and Chris-","box":{"x":151,"y":565,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"tians, are bound to conform to its provisions, that no section of","box":{"x":151,"y":593,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"subjects can be permitted to infringe a law affecting the great","box":{"x":151,"y":620,"width":914,"height":34}},{"text":"majority of the people, on the ground that, in their opinion, the","box":{"x":150,"y":650,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"law ought to be changed; that the only legitimate course open to","box":{"x":151,"y":677,"width":915,"height":36}},{"text":"them is to continue to submit to it, and formally to apply to the","box":{"x":154,"y":702,"width":910,"height":35}},{"text":"Sirkar for a change, with such facts and arguments as they may","box":{"x":150,"y":731,"width":915,"height":35}},{"text":"have to urge in their favour. On these considerations, a public","box":{"x":148,"y":759,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"warning was given on the 27th of December last, to the effect tha","box":{"x":144,"y":785,"width":907,"height":35}},{"text":"existing rules and usages should be respected; that if any class of","box":{"x":145,"y":815,"width":919,"height":35}},{"text":"people desired a change, they should represent the case to the Sirkar.","box":{"x":147,"y":844,"width":915,"height":32}},{"text":"and await its decision that, on the other hand, on no account","box":{"x":150,"y":871,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"should breaches of the peace be caused. For a short while there","box":{"x":150,"y":898,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"was an appearance of quiet; but soon after the Peishcar in the","box":{"x":144,"y":928,"width":918,"height":32}},{"text":"south reported the Kotar affray, and suggested that the po'ice","box":{"x":148,"y":953,"width":915,"height":35}},{"text":"should be strengthened, and that a detachment of Sepoys should be","box":{"x":150,"y":981,"width":912,"height":35}},{"text":"sent down to overawe. Orders were forthwith given accordingly;","box":{"x":148,"y":1008,"width":910,"height":34}},{"text":"and a detachment of the Nair Brigade consisting of 100 rank and","box":{"x":148,"y":1039,"width":912,"height":32}},{"text":"file, with the usual complement of commissioned and non-","box":{"x":148,"y":1063,"width":910,"height":36}},{"text":"commissioned, were sent at once. Some members of the London","box":{"x":148,"y":1092,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"Mission, residing in the south, arrived at Trivandrum, and","box":{"x":144,"y":1119,"width":915,"height":36}},{"text":"personally represented to yourself and to me the state of matters","box":{"x":147,"y":1149,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"there. I had the permission of his Highness and yourself to go","box":{"x":145,"y":1177,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"to the scene of disturbances.","box":{"x":150,"y":1204,"width":389,"height":25}},{"text":"5. On the 14th ultimo I reached Pudpanabapoorom. A","box":{"x":192,"y":1260,"width":868,"height":35}},{"text":"detachment of the Nair Brigade had already arrived there on the","box":{"x":144,"y":1289,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"11th. I was followed by Captain Daily, who was put in command","box":{"x":145,"y":1317,"width":914,"height":32}},{"text":"of all the troops in the southern districts. The troops were moved","box":{"x":145,"y":1347,"width":912,"height":31}},{"text":"where mischief was apprehended. The police was further strength-","box":{"x":141,"y":1375,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"ened in different places; auxiliary police officers were appointed","box":{"x":147,"y":1403,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"to keep the peace, and speedily inquire into and dispose of police","box":{"x":148,"y":1430,"width":911,"height":35}},{"text":"cases, which were of course expected to be numerous at the time.","box":{"x":145,"y":1458,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"Some minor Sirkar officials, who appeared to have acted impro-","box":{"x":145,"y":1486,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"perly were suspended from employment. Some of the leaders of","box":{"x":147,"y":1510,"width":919,"height":38}}]}}}