{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        279
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00303-4a2a06bfa1f98d7deb6e.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Relief During the Earlier Famine",
      "chunk_data": "During the 1876-1878 famine J. E. Clough had provided relief for the Christians, who as labourers of the depressed classes were especially hard hit, by taking a contract to construct a portion of the Buckingham Canal near Ongole. Baptisms were discontinued during that time in order that people would not become Christian simply to get work.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1876,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1878,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1876–1878"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole",
          "Buckingham Canal"
        ],
        "event": "J. E. Clough provided famine relief by employing Christians on the construction of the Buckingham Canal.",
        "tags": [
          "Famine Relief",
          "Christianity",
          "Labor"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        279
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00303-4a2a06bfa1f98d7deb6e.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "A Broad Relief Policy",
      "chunk_data": "During the famine of 1900, as reported here, a similar approach to relief work was adopted by Clough, with the difference that he worked through the Indian municipal authorities and provided relief work to members of all religious communities.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "J. E. Clough organized famine relief through municipal authorities for people of all religious communities.",
        "tags": [
          "Famine Relief",
          "Religion",
          "Administration"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        279
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00303-4a2a06bfa1f98d7deb6e.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Ongole's Situation at Year's End",
      "chunk_data": "At the close of the year 1899 we were able to make a very fair report for Ongole and the work which we here are trying to do. Health had been, in a good measure, granted to us, and God had blessed his own words, and 1,160 had been baptized upon profession of faith in Jesus Christ, and we hoped that the hard times, really semi-famine, with which we had been contending for three or four years, had passed away, and we were glad and thankful.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1899,
        "start_month": 12,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1899,
        "end_month": 12,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Late 1899"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "J. E. Clough reported improved health and 1,160 baptisms in Ongole while hoping that the prolonged semi-famine had ended.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Famine",
          "Baptism"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        279
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00303-4a2a06bfa1f98d7deb6e.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Clough Plans to Return Home",
      "chunk_data": "In fulfilment of a promise given to my youngest daughter, Gracia, that I would go home with her and see her set up in life if she would come out and spend two or three years with me as my personal assistant, I fully intended to return to America early in the present year.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": 1,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough",
          "Gracia Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "America",
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "J. E. Clough intended to return to America with his daughter Gracia after her period of service in Ongole.",
        "tags": [
          "Family",
          "Missionaries",
          "Travel"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        279
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00303-4a2a06bfa1f98d7deb6e.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Invitations to Missionary Meetings",
      "chunk_data": "Man may propose, but God disposes. The way for me to return seemed to be very plain. The Ecumenical Conference Committee of New York sent me a very kind invitation to be present in New York at their meetings in March, and the executive officers of the Missionary Union also gave me as kind an invitation as ever a missionary need to have to come home and to attend the Ecumenical Conference at New York and to be present at the anniversaries in Detroit. I intended to go and my passage home was tentatively engaged, yet for several weeks the signs of the continuation of the semi-famine became more imminent day by day, and I was ill at ease.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": 3,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": 3,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New York",
          "Detroit",
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "J. E. Clough received invitations to attend missionary meetings in New York and Detroit but became increasingly concerned about the continuing semi-famine.",
        "tags": [
          "Missionaries",
          "Famine",
          "Travel"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        279
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00303-4a2a06bfa1f98d7deb6e.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Clough Decides to Remain",
      "chunk_data": "But the time came when I must decide whether I would go or not. There were anxious days for me, and during the night before the final decision had to be made I tried to sleep, but sleep would not come. The 10th chapter of John and parts of the 50th chapter of Isaiah came to mind and would not go away. The result was that before morning I had decided to remain with my people and help them all I could during the famine which was so imminent.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Early 1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "J. E. Clough decided to remain in Ongole and assist his people during the impending famine.",
        "tags": [
          "Famine Relief",
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        279,
        280
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00303-4a2a06bfa1f98d7deb6e.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00304-453b19d62693b3e6ae7f.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Gracia Returns to America",
      "chunk_data": "My daughter when I made my decision known to her bore it gracefully, but not without tears, and later she returned to the homeland with her sister and Professor Martin, and the good Lord has evidently recognized her sacrifice and given her many blessings.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Gracia Clough",
          "Professor Martin",
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "America",
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "Gracia Clough accepted her father's decision and later returned to America with her sister and Professor Martin.",
        "tags": [
          "Family",
          "Missionaries",
          "Travel"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        280
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00304-453b19d62693b3e6ae7f.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Famine Reaches Ongole",
      "chunk_data": "As anticipated, the famine came on, and by the first of April thousands of the poorer classes were without work and in a starving condition. Friends in America had now taken in the situation and had begun to forward money for relief. The Christian Herald of New York had also inaugurated, on behalf of India, a most magnanimous charity. Personal friends were not slow in sending contributions.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": 4,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": 4,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "April 1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole",
          "America",
          "New York",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The 1900 famine left thousands of poor people in Ongole without work, prompting relief contributions from America and New York.",
        "tags": [
          "Famine",
          "Charity",
          "Relief"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        280
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00304-453b19d62693b3e6ae7f.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Municipal Relief Work Proposed",
      "chunk_data": "But the question was how to utilize these various charities. Government in this section had not established relief work, and on account of the already fearful condition existing in Central and northern India there was no probability that any relief work on a large scale would be started here. But I knew, unless something was done, thousands of the depressed classes, great numbers of whom were Christians, would inevitably die of starvation, or of disease brought on by hunger. After talking the situation over with the chairman of the Ongole Municipality and the sub-collector of Ongole, and others, we decided that it would be best to put all those who asked aid on some public work.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": 4,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": 4,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "April 1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole",
          "Central India",
          "Northern India"
        ],
        "event": "J. E. Clough and Ongole officials decided to provide public work for famine victims because large-scale government relief was unlikely.",
        "tags": [
          "Famine Relief",
          "Government",
          "Labor"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        280
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00304-453b19d62693b3e6ae7f.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Streets, Wells, and Tanks",
      "chunk_data": "The municipal counsellors of Ongole assigned to me for this purpose several streets which were to be made either entirely new or should be repaired. Also they recommended that several wells be dug and one or two tanks deepened. The chairman of the municipality, V. Ananda Rao Puntulu Garu, kindly offered to take charge of any relief work that I might inaugurate in person and to aid me in any way in his power.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": 4,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": 4,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "April 1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "V. Ananda Rao Puntulu Garu",
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "Ongole municipal authorities assigned street repairs and construction, well digging, and tank deepening as famine relief work.",
        "tags": [
          "Public Works",
          "Famine Relief",
          "Administration"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        280
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00304-453b19d62693b3e6ae7f.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Thousands Employed in Relief",
      "chunk_data": "To make quite a long story short, the work was started early in April and continued until September. The number of coolies was from 1,000 to 6,000 daily. The aggregate number of coolies engaged for a longer or shorter time was probably not less than 40,000, and this meant that relief went into as many homes.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": 4,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": 9,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "April–September 1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "Ongole's famine relief works employed between 1,000 and 6,000 laborers daily and reached approximately 40,000 people.",
        "tags": [
          "Famine Relief",
          "Labor",
          "Public Works"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        280
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00304-453b19d62693b3e6ae7f.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Relief Kitchen for the Helpless",
      "chunk_data": "A relief-kitchen for those who were wholly unable to work was also started and continued until the last of December; the total number dieted in this kitchen was about 600.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": 4,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": 12,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "April–December 1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "A relief kitchen fed approximately 600 people unable to work through the end of December.",
        "tags": [
          "Famine Relief",
          "Charity",
          "Food Aid"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        280
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00304-453b19d62693b3e6ae7f.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "American Corn Distributed",
      "chunk_data": "Besides large sums of money, in the aggregate, sent to me through the executive officers of the Mission Rooms, and by personal friends, and by the Christian Herald India Famine Relief Committee, 2,000 bags of American corn, sent to India by the Christian Herald, were allotted to me, and were faithfully distributed.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "J. E. Clough received and distributed 2,000 bags of American corn along with monetary donations for famine relief.",
        "tags": [
          "Famine Relief",
          "Charity",
          "Food Aid"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 14,
      "chapter_name": "141. Clough on Famine Relief Work at Ongole",
      "page_numbers": [
        280
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00304-453b19d62693b3e6ae7f.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Gratitude Amid Continuing Famine",
      "chunk_data": "The result of all this work has been to me most gratifying. Our God makes no mistakes, and I do not and will not complain, but oh! I would rejoice to know that the good Lord would now save us from further famines.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1900,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Late 1900"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "J. E. Clough"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Ongole"
        ],
        "event": "J. E. Clough expressed gratitude for the relief work while praying for an end to future famines.",
        "tags": [
          "Famine Relief",
          "Religion",
          "Charity"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}