{"pages":{"326":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00350-659d990851552531b8f0.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"326","box":{"x":115,"y":157,"width":55,"height":17}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":339,"y":162,"width":479,"height":18}},{"text":"vocation, and as such are being drawn closer into the family circle.","box":{"x":115,"y":209,"width":918,"height":32}},{"text":"By permanent members we mean those who have committed","box":{"x":109,"y":240,"width":925,"height":27}},{"text":"themselves to the ashram as a life call.","box":{"x":112,"y":265,"width":582,"height":27}},{"text":"Men are often attracted to one another at first by each other's","box":{"x":158,"y":324,"width":872,"height":29}},{"text":"idealisms. As they live and work together in close contact they","box":{"x":116,"y":346,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"come to know more and more of each other's failures and angula-","box":{"x":113,"y":377,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"rities. This is a critical stage in fellowship. Have they the inner","box":{"x":118,"y":405,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"consciousness that they are children in the father's house and that","box":{"x":116,"y":433,"width":918,"height":29}},{"text":"their disunion would wound His love? Have they had the expe-","box":{"x":115,"y":461,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"rience of that wonderful suffering love of Christ that has forgiven","box":{"x":118,"y":489,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"them so much? If so, will they not also forgive one another","box":{"x":115,"y":516,"width":921,"height":34}},{"text":"and continue a love which will only grow deeper the more it","box":{"x":116,"y":542,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"forgives? This is why the basis of the ashram family (as expressed","box":{"x":118,"y":571,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"in the constitution) is personal loyalty (i.e., faith) and devotion","box":{"x":117,"y":601,"width":919,"height":35}},{"text":"to Jesus Christ. We do not enquire into a man's creed or theolo-","box":{"x":119,"y":625,"width":915,"height":32}},{"text":"gical views or Church connection, as his real fitness and capacity","box":{"x":115,"y":655,"width":921,"height":36}},{"text":"for sharing in the ashram family will be made clear in the daily","box":{"x":116,"y":674,"width":921,"height":43}},{"text":"round of life. We also realize that the 'Inner Light' illumines","box":{"x":119,"y":711,"width":912,"height":32}},{"text":"many honest souls who have not named the name of Christ, and","box":{"x":115,"y":739,"width":919,"height":31}},{"text":"such also we welcome to come and share in following the Light","box":{"x":118,"y":767,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"that shineth more and more unto the perfect day...","box":{"x":116,"y":793,"width":745,"height":35}},{"text":"159. C.F. ANDREWS ON INDIAN INDEPENDENCE","box":{"x":190,"y":916,"width":775,"height":27}},{"text":"(1921 A.D.)","box":{"x":491,"y":949,"width":165,"height":28}},{"text":"The English missionary, C. F. Andrews, who became a close asso-","box":{"x":204,"y":1006,"width":777,"height":28}},{"text":"cite of Mahatma Gandhi was one of the most influential of that small","box":{"x":167,"y":1030,"width":816,"height":27}},{"text":"group of missionaries who were openly sympathetic to the Indian","box":{"x":165,"y":1053,"width":820,"height":31}},{"text":"Nationalist movement. Like Gandhi, he was more concerned with the","box":{"x":164,"y":1080,"width":820,"height":28}},{"text":"moral and spiritual consequences of continuing British rule than","box":{"x":164,"y":1105,"width":824,"height":28}},{"text":"he was with the political implications. It is his concern with the degra-","box":{"x":167,"y":1130,"width":819,"height":27}},{"text":"dation of the Indian spirit consequent upon colonial rule that is the","box":{"x":164,"y":1154,"width":822,"height":28}},{"text":"main theme of the document reproduced here. Cited in Marjorie","box":{"x":167,"y":1180,"width":819,"height":28}},{"text":"Sykes, C. F. Andrews, Representative Writings, pp. 74-78.","box":{"x":166,"y":1206,"width":712,"height":28}},{"text":"After many varied experiences in the British colonies I have","box":{"x":157,"y":1263,"width":876,"height":34}},{"text":"been carried forward step by step to the conclusion that the goal of","box":{"x":113,"y":1291,"width":921,"height":32}},{"text":"Indian freedom lies outside the British Empire. To arrive at","box":{"x":113,"y":1317,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"such a conclusion has been no easy thing for me; it has repre-","box":{"x":113,"y":1348,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"sented the complete transformation of the hopes with which I","box":{"x":116,"y":1375,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"came to India nearly eighteen years ago.","box":{"x":115,"y":1403,"width":609,"height":32}},{"text":"It is not the political, but the moral and spiritual side of this","box":{"x":161,"y":1459,"width":871,"height":35}},{"text":"great issue of Indian independence which interests me most deeply.","box":{"x":111,"y":1487,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"It involves, for me, a great issue still, an issue as wide as humanity,","box":{"x":112,"y":1513,"width":919,"height":36}}]},"327":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00351-68899b8e4e7216988320.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":466,"y":143,"width":252,"height":17}},{"text":"327","box":{"x":1003,"y":144,"width":49,"height":18}},{"text":"the breaking down of the 'white' race supremacy which I hold","box":{"x":132,"y":189,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"to be the greatest menace on earth today. The question therefore","box":{"x":132,"y":216,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"is not one of politics, but of humanity.","box":{"x":132,"y":247,"width":578,"height":31}},{"text":"This does not mean that foreign conquest is always, imme-","box":{"x":174,"y":301,"width":875,"height":35}},{"text":"diately, a disaster. The reign of Akbar was an untold blessing","box":{"x":130,"y":329,"width":921,"height":34}},{"text":"to India. But to prolong a foreign rule appears invariably to","box":{"x":132,"y":357,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"lead to disaster. And the whole controversy with England at","box":{"x":132,"y":385,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"the present time is that its rule in India has lasted too long.","box":{"x":133,"y":413,"width":826,"height":35}},{"text":"Two historical maxims put foreward by Sir John Seeley, con-","box":{"x":175,"y":469,"width":875,"height":34}},{"text":"cerning Indian independence, long ago attracted my attention.","box":{"x":127,"y":497,"width":921,"height":34}},{"text":"These have seemed to me to be profoundly disturbing. They have","box":{"x":127,"y":524,"width":921,"height":36}},{"text":"forced me to see how deep the evil of dependence lies, and how hard","box":{"x":130,"y":553,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"it is to eradicate it. The first maxim may be quoted in Sir John","box":{"x":130,"y":580,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"Seeley's own words, as follows: Subjection for a long time to a","box":{"x":129,"y":607,"width":921,"height":34}},{"text":"foreign yoke is one of the most potent causes of national deteriora-","box":{"x":123,"y":636,"width":925,"height":32}},{"text":"tion. I wish every word of this sentence to be very carefully noted.","box":{"x":130,"y":663,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"Not every subjection, but subjection for a long time, is a potent","box":{"x":126,"y":692,"width":924,"height":35}},{"text":"cause of national deterioration.","box":{"x":130,"y":719,"width":451,"height":29}},{"text":"The evils that arise, when subjection has eaten into the soul of","box":{"x":176,"y":777,"width":876,"height":32}},{"text":"the people, are only too well known. There is a slow undermining","box":{"x":132,"y":803,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"of the very foundations of truth and honesty and fearlessness of","box":{"x":132,"y":833,"width":921,"height":32}},{"text":"character, when everything is to be gained by accommodation","box":{"x":129,"y":859,"width":921,"height":34}},{"text":"and flattery. No material benefits can compensate for these","box":{"x":129,"y":887,"width":922,"height":34}},{"text":"vicious effects of foreign rule upon the truthfulness of the people's","box":{"x":127,"y":915,"width":922,"height":35}},{"text":"lives. There is the terrible fact of history to be faced. To remain","box":{"x":132,"y":943,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"any further in a state of dependence within the British Empire","box":{"x":132,"y":972,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"would appear to mean an increasing measure of national deterio-","box":{"x":129,"y":1001,"width":921,"height":31}},{"text":"ration. We must, therefore, at once awake and shake ourselves","box":{"x":132,"y":1028,"width":917,"height":31}},{"text":"free.","box":{"x":129,"y":1057,"width":62,"height":21}},{"text":"I have said to myself again and again, in silence: If this inde-","box":{"x":175,"y":1111,"width":872,"height":34}},{"text":"pendence, which is every Englishman's birthright, has made my","box":{"x":127,"y":1139,"width":921,"height":34}},{"text":"own life free and fearless, what right have I to enslave others?","box":{"x":130,"y":1166,"width":919,"height":32}},{"text":"How can I refuse to allow the same freedom to every Indian?","box":{"x":125,"y":1195,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"I had no answer to that question except to acknowledge the truth","box":{"x":129,"y":1220,"width":918,"height":36}},{"text":"it contained.","box":{"x":130,"y":1252,"width":169,"height":24}},{"text":"In the European Middle Ages there was a striking phrase","box":{"x":176,"y":1306,"width":869,"height":34}},{"text":"describing anything which brought stagnation upon the future;","box":{"x":127,"y":1334,"width":922,"height":35}},{"text":"it was called the mortain, the dead hand. I have seen the dead","box":{"x":130,"y":1362,"width":919,"height":31}},{"text":"hand of an essentially foreign rule, such as British rule must always","box":{"x":125,"y":1388,"width":922,"height":39}},{"text":"be, laid upon many things in Indian life that were vitally precious.","box":{"x":126,"y":1416,"width":921,"height":36}},{"text":"Art, music, poetry, architecture, may for a time be quickened into","box":{"x":120,"y":1445,"width":925,"height":35}},{"text":"activity by the impact of a foreign culture; but the dead hand'","box":{"x":126,"y":1476,"width":918,"height":29}},{"text":"inevitably creeps forward, if the impact is prolonged. In the life","box":{"x":126,"y":1503,"width":922,"height":34}}]},"328":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00352-058961f1bfc5a311fcfb.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"328","box":{"x":130,"y":146,"width":56,"height":18}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":358,"y":151,"width":476,"height":18}},{"text":"of the villages of India, changes which brought the shock of novelty","box":{"x":130,"y":198,"width":922,"height":32}},{"text":"have also brought the shock of destruction. We can see the","box":{"x":132,"y":227,"width":921,"height":28}},{"text":"deadening touch of foreign interference upon many beautiful","box":{"x":129,"y":254,"width":925,"height":34}},{"text":"and natural village customs. I am eagerly longing to see this","box":{"x":129,"y":282,"width":924,"height":35}},{"text":"'dead hand' removed from India altogether and the country","box":{"x":132,"y":309,"width":922,"height":35}},{"text":"once more entirely free and independent.","box":{"x":133,"y":339,"width":561,"height":31}},{"text":"In very early days, while these thoughts were present with me,","box":{"x":182,"y":394,"width":869,"height":35}},{"text":"there came one of those sudden revelations of the truth, which","box":{"x":133,"y":421,"width":918,"height":32}},{"text":"are given like a flash from time to time. In the year 1907, at","box":{"x":134,"y":450,"width":917,"height":38}},{"text":"Aligarh, there had been a dispute between the students and the","box":{"x":127,"y":477,"width":925,"height":34}},{"text":"European staff. This had led to extreme bitterness, and provoked","box":{"x":127,"y":506,"width":925,"height":32}},{"text":"a College strike. The students refused to go back until their","box":{"x":134,"y":534,"width":919,"height":31}},{"text":"wrongs were righted. Early one morning at Delhi, Moulvi Nazir","box":{"x":127,"y":563,"width":925,"height":31}},{"text":"Ahmed and Munshi Zaka Ullah, whom I revered most deeply","box":{"x":127,"y":587,"width":926,"height":36}},{"text":"for their singular beauty of character, came to me with tears in","box":{"x":134,"y":616,"width":921,"height":32}},{"text":"their eyes to tell me that the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College","box":{"x":134,"y":645,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"at Aligarh, the darling treasure of their hearts, was on the point","box":{"x":133,"y":673,"width":919,"height":39}},{"text":"of ruin. They asked me to come with them to Aligarh, and we","box":{"x":134,"y":701,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"went together. I could feel the outraged spirit of the students,","box":{"x":132,"y":729,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"their resentment, their sense of humiliation and injustice. During","box":{"x":134,"y":756,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"that very night, when we were present at Aligarh, the insulted","box":{"x":136,"y":783,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"students burnt their college furniture, their beds and mattresses,","box":{"x":133,"y":811,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"their tables and books. The flames mounted to the skies, a symbol","box":{"x":132,"y":838,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"of the students' own flaming indignation. Later, after the strike","box":{"x":134,"y":867,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"was over, I asked Moulvi Nazir Ahmed what words of advice he","box":{"x":132,"y":898,"width":921,"height":27}},{"text":"had spoken to the students. He told me that he had said: 'You","box":{"x":133,"y":923,"width":918,"height":29}},{"text":"are slaves. What can we do? Get back to your books and work.","box":{"x":134,"y":952,"width":917,"height":31}},{"text":"You are not free men, but slaves.'","box":{"x":132,"y":980,"width":470,"height":28}},{"text":"These terrible words of the Moulvi Sahib whom I passionately","box":{"x":179,"y":1036,"width":873,"height":34}},{"text":"loved, haunted me like an evil dream. Was that all the counsel","box":{"x":132,"y":1062,"width":918,"height":31}},{"text":"he was able to give these young men at the very opening of their","box":{"x":129,"y":1090,"width":922,"height":35}},{"text":"lives? Was that in very truth these students' true position? Were","box":{"x":132,"y":1118,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"they slaves? The more I thought over it, the more I found that","box":{"x":133,"y":1147,"width":918,"height":31}},{"text":"the words had truth in them. This foreign subjection was a servi-","box":{"x":133,"y":1175,"width":918,"height":31}},{"text":"tude of the soul, more insidious than any outward slavery. How-","box":{"x":132,"y":1202,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"ever much it might be disguised by a pleasing exterior, the true","box":{"x":132,"y":1228,"width":919,"height":35}},{"text":"fact remained.","box":{"x":136,"y":1260,"width":196,"height":24}},{"text":"I went over and over again, in mind, Sir John Seeley's maxim,","box":{"x":180,"y":1314,"width":868,"height":34}},{"text":"which I had just discovered: Subjection for a long time to a foreign","box":{"x":127,"y":1341,"width":924,"height":34}},{"text":"yoke is one of the most potent causes of national deterioration.","box":{"x":133,"y":1370,"width":919,"height":32}},{"text":"The words for a long time stuck in my mind. I said to myself:","box":{"x":132,"y":1398,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"This clearly must be ended. It was not long after this that the","box":{"x":148,"y":1426,"width":901,"height":32}},{"text":"central thought of Indian Independence became firmly established","box":{"x":130,"y":1455,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"in my mind. I have tested it since by a hundred experiences","box":{"x":133,"y":1483,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"abroad, but it has stood the test.","box":{"x":132,"y":1512,"width":480,"height":27}}]},"329":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00353-7488f8c110b41fe45171.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":466,"y":150,"width":248,"height":20}},{"text":"329","box":{"x":999,"y":146,"width":53,"height":21}},{"text":"I have maintained in times past, and would still maintain,","box":{"x":182,"y":197,"width":868,"height":35}},{"text":"that the widespread teaching of English was of great benefit to India","box":{"x":136,"y":227,"width":914,"height":35}},{"text":"in the past. It was one of the most potent means of giving that","box":{"x":133,"y":252,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"shock, or stimulus, which India needed at one time in her history","box":{"x":133,"y":282,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"to rouse her out of sleep. It has given ideals of political freedom","box":{"x":134,"y":310,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"and of national unity, which have been invaluable. But the","box":{"x":133,"y":338,"width":917,"height":36}},{"text":"future of India, now that the shock and stimulus have been given,","box":{"x":136,"y":366,"width":912,"height":32}},{"text":"demands a return at all points to the mother tongue of each great","box":{"x":133,"y":395,"width":919,"height":32}},{"text":"province and the teaching of all subjects (except English itself)","box":{"x":133,"y":422,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"through the mother tongue. Dangers now lie ahead of India","box":{"x":134,"y":450,"width":919,"height":34}},{"text":"owing to the divorce between the English-educated men (who are","box":{"x":134,"y":478,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"forming a class by themselves) and the agricultural and town labour-","box":{"x":136,"y":506,"width":917,"height":31}},{"text":"rers. Nevertheless, it is almost inconceivable in the present cir-","box":{"x":139,"y":535,"width":914,"height":31}},{"text":"cumstances that such a vital educational change as this can take","box":{"x":136,"y":562,"width":917,"height":31}},{"text":"place, unless India ceases to be an integral part of the British","box":{"x":134,"y":590,"width":919,"height":32}},{"text":"Empire.'","box":{"x":133,"y":619,"width":127,"height":29}},{"text":"The second of the two historical maxims presented by Sir","box":{"x":181,"y":672,"width":873,"height":31}},{"text":"John Seeley forces Indians into a dilemma from which there appears","box":{"x":136,"y":701,"width":917,"height":31}},{"text":"to be no escape. He faces the ultimate question of the withdrawal","box":{"x":139,"y":725,"width":914,"height":36}},{"text":"of the British Government from India. With regard to such a with-","box":{"x":139,"y":757,"width":914,"height":29}},{"text":"drawal, Sir John Seeley appears to think, the people of India have","box":{"x":136,"y":783,"width":918,"height":35}},{"text":"so lost the powers of self-government and self-defence, that to with-","box":{"x":139,"y":812,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"draw the British Government would be the most inexcusable of all","box":{"x":137,"y":839,"width":919,"height":29}},{"text":"crimes. The situation is as follows: If dependence and subjection","box":{"x":140,"y":868,"width":915,"height":31}},{"text":"to the foreign rule of the British Empire continue, then national","box":{"x":140,"y":894,"width":917,"height":34}},{"text":"deterioration of India is likely to increase. Yet withdrawal of","box":{"x":134,"y":922,"width":928,"height":35}},{"text":"India from the British Empire is becoming more and more difficult","box":{"x":137,"y":951,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"because of the dependence of Indians on British protection. The","box":{"x":136,"y":979,"width":919,"height":32}},{"text":"sentence implies that India has no way out of her difficulties.","box":{"x":141,"y":1006,"width":912,"height":35}},{"text":"We are involved in a vicious circle.","box":{"x":139,"y":1037,"width":505,"height":27}},{"text":"I have thought over this problem for many years; and I confess","box":{"x":185,"y":1091,"width":869,"height":32}},{"text":"I could find no solution. But quite lately there has appeared to","box":{"x":139,"y":1119,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"me to be one pathway out of this terrible dilemma. If India could","box":{"x":139,"y":1147,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"be granted, before it is too late, some genius who could stir up the","box":{"x":139,"y":1174,"width":917,"height":32}},{"text":"spirit of independence throughout the whole country, then there","box":{"x":139,"y":1201,"width":917,"height":35}},{"text":"might be hope. If India could produce such an inspiring and","box":{"x":137,"y":1230,"width":918,"height":34}},{"text":"unifying personality, then all might yet be well.","box":{"x":136,"y":1258,"width":680,"height":35}},{"text":"And surely this is what is happening today. At this most","box":{"x":181,"y":1313,"width":875,"height":35}},{"text":"critical moment in Indian history, when subjection and dependence","box":{"x":136,"y":1342,"width":918,"height":31}},{"text":"were becoming unbearable, we have been given one who has","box":{"x":134,"y":1369,"width":919,"height":32}},{"text":"roughly shaken our age-long conventions and has uttered the","box":{"x":140,"y":1397,"width":914,"height":31}},{"text":"mantram: Be free be slaves no longer'!","box":{"x":136,"y":1426,"width":617,"height":31}},{"text":"With such a volcanic force as the personality of Mahatma","box":{"x":179,"y":1479,"width":875,"height":34}},{"text":"Gandhi, there will be much destruction. But the new life-urge","box":{"x":133,"y":1508,"width":919,"height":31}}]}}}