{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Early Stone Crosses in India",
      "chunk_data": "13. STONE CROSS INSCRIPTIONS (6th or 7th Cent. A.D.)\nFive stone crosses, probably the earliest physical remains of Christianity in India, have been discovered in South India of which three crosses bear inscriptions on them. Two of these are in the Valiyapally, Kottayam, and one is at the traditional site of the martyrdom of St. Thomas at St. Thomas Mount, Madras.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 500,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 699,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "6th–7th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "St. Thomas"
        ],
        "places": [
          "South India",
          "Valiyapally",
          "Kottayam",
          "St. Thomas Mount",
          "Madras"
        ],
        "event": "Five early stone crosses are discovered in South India, including crosses at Valiyapally and St. Thomas Mount.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Archaeology",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Cross Designs and Dating",
      "chunk_data": "The design of these crosses as well as the inscriptions on them are identical. Dr. Burnell assigns them to the sixth or seventh century A.D., on palaeographical grounds.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 500,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 699,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "6th–7th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Dr. Burnell"
        ],
        "places": [
          "South India"
        ],
        "event": "Dr. Burnell dates the identical stone crosses and inscriptions to the sixth or seventh century on palaeographical grounds.",
        "tags": [
          "Archaeology",
          "Christianity",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Translation of the Pahlavi Inscriptions",
      "chunk_data": "A translation of the Pahlavi inscriptions, by Burnell, may be seen in M. Labbe Hue, Christianity in China, Tartary and Tibet, Vol. I, p. 27, cited in E. M. Philip, The Indian Church of St. Thomas, p. 92.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 500,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 699,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "6th–7th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Burnell",
          "M. Labbe Hue",
          "E. M. Philip"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "A translation of the Pahlavi inscriptions is cited from works by M. Labbe Hue and E. M. Philip.",
        "tags": [
          "Inscriptions",
          "Christianity",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Pahlavi Inscription Translation",
      "chunk_data": "In punishment by the cross (was) the suffering of this one;\nHe who is true God, and God above, and guide ever pure.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 500,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 699,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "6th–7th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [],
        "event": "A translated Pahlavi inscription describes suffering through punishment by the cross and praises God as the true and pure guide.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Inscriptions",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Winkworth’s Alternative Translation",
      "chunk_data": "A different translation is given by C. P. T. Winkworth in 'A New Interpretation of the Pahlavi Cross-Inscriptions, Kerala Society Papers Series 3, pp. 166-168.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 500,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 699,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "6th–7th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "C. P. T. Winkworth"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Kerala"
        ],
        "event": "C. P. T. Winkworth provides a different translation of the Pahlavi cross-inscriptions.",
        "tags": [
          "Inscriptions",
          "History",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Prayer for Afras",
      "chunk_data": "My Lord Christ, have mercy upon Afras, son of Chaharbukt, the Syrian, who cut this.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 500,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 699,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "6th–7th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Jesus Christ",
          "Afras",
          "Chaharbukt"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Syria"
        ],
        "event": "The inscription asks Christ to have mercy on Afras, son of Chaharbukt, identified as the Syrian who carved the cross.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Inscriptions",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Syriac Verse from Galatians",
      "chunk_data": "The second cross at the Valiyapally bears a Syriac verse from St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, Chapter 6, vs. 14.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 500,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 699,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "6th–7th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "St. Paul"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Valiyapally",
          "Galatia"
        ],
        "event": "The second cross at Valiyapally bears a Syriac verse from St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Inscriptions",
          "Bible"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Glory in the Cross",
      "chunk_data": "Let me not glory save in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 500,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 699,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "6th–7th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Jesus Christ",
          "St. Paul"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Galatia"
        ],
        "event": "The Syriac inscription quotes the teaching that glory should be found only in the cross of Jesus Christ.",
        "tags": [
          "Christianity",
          "Bible",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Kadamattam Cross Discovered",
      "chunk_data": "In 1922 a stone cross at Kadamattam Orthodox Church caught the attention of scholars. The Pahlavi inscription on this cross is different from that on the others. A translation by Jivanji Jamshedji Modi is cited in H. Hosten, Antiquities from San Thome and Mylapore, p. 332.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1922,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1922,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1922"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Jivanji Jamshedji Modi",
          "H. Hosten"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Kadamattam",
          "Kadamattam Orthodox Church",
          "San Thome",
          "Mylapore"
        ],
        "event": "A stone cross at Kadamattam Orthodox Church attracts scholarly attention, and its distinct Pahlavi inscription is translated by Jivanji Jamshedji Modi.",
        "tags": [
          "Archaeology",
          "Inscriptions",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "6th or 7th Cent. Stone Cross Inscriptions",
      "page_numbers": [
        9
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00033-1d16ffb67edcd0d86881.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Inscription of Mar Shapur",
      "chunk_data": "I, a beautiful bird from Nineve, (have come) to this country.\nWritten by Mar Shapur.\nHoly Messiah, the forgiver, freed me from thorn (i.e., affliction)",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 500,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 699,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "6th–7th century AD"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mar Shapur",
          "Jesus Christ"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Nineve"
        ],
        "event": "The Kadamattam inscription identifies Mar Shapur as its author and describes deliverance by the Holy Messiah from affliction.",
        "tags": [
          "Inscriptions",
          "Christianity",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}