{"pages":{"155":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00179-c631d4c5c0e707ca3dae.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":459,"y":143,"width":246,"height":18}},{"text":"155","box":{"x":988,"y":139,"width":53,"height":21}},{"text":"8. Slaves employed by the Government shall be ordered to be","box":{"x":169,"y":192,"width":868,"height":28}},{"text":"paid wages equal to what is paid to the other workers.","box":{"x":127,"y":220,"width":724,"height":31}},{"text":"9. If the slaves of the Government or of the Kudiyans become","box":{"x":169,"y":276,"width":866,"height":34}},{"text":"disabled for work because of old age or disease, they shall be given","box":{"x":125,"y":301,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"what is necessary for their livelihood so as to prevent their misery","box":{"x":123,"y":331,"width":912,"height":32}},{"text":"and suffering.","box":{"x":126,"y":357,"width":185,"height":29}},{"text":"10. Till the slaves attain the age of 14, they shall not be employed","box":{"x":157,"y":415,"width":879,"height":32}},{"text":"to do any work not suited to their age.","box":{"x":126,"y":443,"width":526,"height":28}},{"text":"11. As there shall be a definite Register relating to the children","box":{"x":158,"y":497,"width":878,"height":34}},{"text":"born of the slaves after this date, the facts of facts of births and deaths","box":{"x":125,"y":519,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"among slaves shall be let known by those concerned to the Tahsildars","box":{"x":127,"y":554,"width":907,"height":25}},{"text":"of Mandapathuvathukals' (Taluks) through the Parvarthikars","box":{"x":125,"y":580,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"within 30 days.","box":{"x":122,"y":609,"width":209,"height":28}},{"text":"If this rule is violated our Dewan has instructions to make the","box":{"x":171,"y":668,"width":865,"height":25}},{"text":"offenders pay the prescribed penalty, to give them the necessary","box":{"x":125,"y":694,"width":911,"height":31}},{"text":"warning and to arrange for the maintenance of a Register.","box":{"x":120,"y":723,"width":791,"height":31}},{"text":"102. KRICK ON THE CROSS-SHAPED TATTOO OF THE","box":{"x":123,"y":813,"width":908,"height":22}},{"text":"PADAMS (1853 A.D.)","box":{"x":424,"y":843,"width":306,"height":27}},{"text":"Fr. N. M. Krick, Superior of the South Tibetan Mission of the","box":{"x":224,"y":896,"width":760,"height":25}},{"text":"Société des Missions Etrangerès, is the first missionary known to have","box":{"x":171,"y":918,"width":812,"height":28}},{"text":"visited what is today Arunachal Pradesh. He passed through the","box":{"x":171,"y":944,"width":810,"height":27}},{"text":"area twice on his way to Tibet. He and his colleague, Fr. Bourri,","box":{"x":171,"y":970,"width":812,"height":25}},{"text":"were killed by a ho hostile chief while returning from the second journey","box":{"x":167,"y":994,"width":815,"height":28}},{"text":"in 1854. He wrote extensively concerning his travels through Aruna-","box":{"x":171,"y":1019,"width":810,"height":27}},{"text":"chal. He developed some rather imaginative theories about cross-","box":{"x":169,"y":1044,"width":810,"height":27}},{"text":"shaped tattoos he found on the foreheads of the Padams. The following","box":{"x":168,"y":1070,"width":813,"height":25}},{"text":"is taken from his' Account of an Expedition among the Abors in 1853',","box":{"x":172,"y":1093,"width":805,"height":28}},{"text":"translated by Fr. A. Gille, S. J. published in the Journal of the Royal","box":{"x":167,"y":1118,"width":815,"height":28}},{"text":"Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. IX, (1913), pp. 108 ff. Cited in Verrier","box":{"x":162,"y":1144,"width":816,"height":28}},{"text":"Elwin, ed., India's North-East Frontier in the Nineteenth Century,","box":{"x":165,"y":1170,"width":820,"height":24}},{"text":"pp. 236-249.","box":{"x":167,"y":1197,"width":148,"height":21}},{"text":"Now a few words on the race to which the Padams belong and","box":{"x":161,"y":1252,"width":868,"height":29}},{"text":"on the marvellous signs which I have discovered among them.","box":{"x":118,"y":1281,"width":850,"height":28}},{"text":"The males are tattooed at the age of eighteen; the pattern is,","box":{"x":164,"y":1337,"width":862,"height":31}},{"text":"in my opinion, of evidently Christian origin. The majority wear","box":{"x":120,"y":1364,"width":907,"height":31}},{"text":"on the forehead a perfectly shaped Maltese cross of bluish colour;","box":{"x":120,"y":1393,"width":905,"height":29}},{"text":"others wear the ordinary cross with the vertical beam running along","box":{"x":120,"y":1421,"width":907,"height":28}},{"text":"the nose, and the cross-bar above the eyes. Others wear the","box":{"x":118,"y":1446,"width":907,"height":29}},{"text":"Lorraine cross, with the upper cross-beam on the forehead, and the","box":{"x":116,"y":1474,"width":910,"height":31}},{"text":"lower lying across the bridge of the nose. Others again wear the","box":{"x":118,"y":1502,"width":910,"height":29}}]},"156":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00180-de2a734c0bc2a5a47093.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"156","box":{"x":123,"y":165,"width":53,"height":21}},{"text":"HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN INDIA","box":{"x":346,"y":168,"width":473,"height":20}},{"text":"Maltese cross on their calves. The women have the Maltese cross","box":{"x":123,"y":215,"width":912,"height":29}},{"text":"tattooed on the upper lip, and on their legs and the Lorraine cross","box":{"x":126,"y":244,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"with two St. Andrew's crosses drawn on either side...","box":{"x":125,"y":271,"width":739,"height":28}},{"text":"The men have as a rule their chin tattooed with three vertical","box":{"x":174,"y":332,"width":864,"height":28}},{"text":"and parallel lines; the women have five or seven of them, as the","box":{"x":125,"y":359,"width":914,"height":32}},{"text":"case may be, on the chin, and four on the upper lip, two on either","box":{"x":126,"y":386,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"side of a cross, and the whole set is bracketed","box":{"x":129,"y":415,"width":613,"height":31}},{"text":"I have often questioned the Padams as to the origin and meaning","box":{"x":175,"y":474,"width":864,"height":32}},{"text":"of these signs. Some answered that God at creation had given","box":{"x":129,"y":501,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"them to the Padams as a distinctive mark of the elder tribe; others","box":{"x":127,"y":530,"width":910,"height":29}},{"text":"asserted that they had received them from a northern tribe; several","box":{"x":130,"y":558,"width":908,"height":31}},{"text":"confessed their ignorance in the matter, but all agreed as to its","box":{"x":130,"y":586,"width":908,"height":31}},{"text":"being the sign of God, and a most beneficial badge too, as he who","box":{"x":129,"y":611,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"wears it', so they said, 'is acknowledged and protected by God;","box":{"x":129,"y":641,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"if he dies, he is at once received into heaven'. 'But what, if he has","box":{"x":132,"y":669,"width":908,"height":31}},{"text":"not the sign?' I asked: 'Where is he to go?' 'God will disown","box":{"x":130,"y":697,"width":910,"height":31}},{"text":"him and cast him off.'","box":{"x":132,"y":725,"width":302,"height":27}},{"text":"I may be allowed to hazard here a suggestion with regard to the","box":{"x":176,"y":787,"width":865,"height":29}},{"text":"origin of these signs. It is my opinion, and all those who have","box":{"x":130,"y":812,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"come in contact with the Padams agree with me, that the pattern,","box":{"x":130,"y":841,"width":910,"height":31}},{"text":"as I have described it, is the Christian cross. These are briefly my","box":{"x":133,"y":869,"width":907,"height":31}},{"text":"reasons:","box":{"x":133,"y":907,"width":120,"height":15}},{"text":"1. No other marks are tattooed on their bodies.","box":{"x":211,"y":935,"width":677,"height":27}},{"text":"2. Their crosses are altogether similar in shape to our four","box":{"x":210,"y":976,"width":836,"height":29}},{"text":"crosses the ordinary cross, the Maltese, the St. Andrew's and the","box":{"x":129,"y":1004,"width":917,"height":29}},{"text":"Lorraine cross.","box":{"x":130,"y":1033,"width":213,"height":24}},{"text":"3. The spiritual meaning attached to them by the natives","box":{"x":211,"y":1068,"width":830,"height":32}},{"text":"strongly confirms my conjecture.","box":{"x":132,"y":1098,"width":449,"height":31}},{"text":"What then would be the meaning of the vertical lines, always","box":{"x":176,"y":1156,"width":865,"height":32}},{"text":"numbering 3, 5 or 7, with which they tattoo their chins? Might not","box":{"x":132,"y":1186,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"the number 3 be reminiscence of the Blessed Trinity, the number 5","box":{"x":132,"y":1214,"width":915,"height":31}},{"text":"a reminder of the five wounds of Our Lord, and the number 7 а","box":{"x":134,"y":1242,"width":910,"height":31}},{"text":"figure of the seven Sacraments? Whereas the four lines on the","box":{"x":133,"y":1270,"width":912,"height":29}},{"text":"upper lip might with some plausibility represent some virtues or","box":{"x":133,"y":1298,"width":912,"height":34}},{"text":"mysteries.","box":{"x":132,"y":1329,"width":140,"height":29}},{"text":"But when were these emblems adopted by the Padams? Fr.","box":{"x":174,"y":1388,"width":868,"height":31}},{"text":"Athanasius Kircher in his in-folio bearing the title La Chine Illustrée","box":{"x":125,"y":1415,"width":921,"height":29}},{"text":"mentions several missions established in Thibet, China and Tartary","box":{"x":127,"y":1443,"width":915,"height":31}},{"text":"from the time of the Apostle St. Thomas. This book was printed","box":{"x":129,"y":1473,"width":915,"height":29}},{"text":"at Amsterdam in 1665. He also published a map, roughly drawn,","box":{"x":133,"y":1500,"width":911,"height":32}},{"text":"but giving accurately enough the chief towns and districts; on it","box":{"x":133,"y":1527,"width":912,"height":31}}]},"157":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\5e07978430078cb56ea89a104e5a0c0e50b3aa1618e48c486c8af005ae015143\\raw\\pages\\00181-59ab0abc6d643f62440b.webp","width":1170,"height":1680,"segments":[{"text":"SOURCE MATERIALS","box":{"x":451,"y":170,"width":248,"height":17}},{"text":"157","box":{"x":978,"y":168,"width":53,"height":21}},{"text":"he traced the route followed by Frs. Francis Corwille and John","box":{"x":119,"y":213,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"Grabere from Peking to Goa, through China, Tartary, Thibet and","box":{"x":115,"y":243,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"Bengal. These Fathers travelled from Lassa to the North of the","box":{"x":117,"y":271,"width":914,"height":28}},{"text":"Padam country, whilst according to their information Fr. Andrada","box":{"x":116,"y":298,"width":915,"height":32}},{"text":"went as far as the Thibetan town Radoc. Now we are told that in","box":{"x":118,"y":326,"width":912,"height":29}},{"text":"this country they discovered evident traces of the Christian religion,","box":{"x":119,"y":354,"width":908,"height":34}},{"text":"proving to a certainty that the Gospel had been preached to those","box":{"x":119,"y":382,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"tribes. They speak of three men who bore the names of Dominic,","box":{"x":120,"y":408,"width":908,"height":34}},{"text":"Francis and Anthony.","box":{"x":119,"y":436,"width":301,"height":32}},{"text":"In 1826 Colonel R. Wilcox, on discovering the use of the cross","box":{"x":166,"y":493,"width":861,"height":32}},{"text":"among the Padams, made attempts to trace its origin, and found","box":{"x":119,"y":520,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"in Hindostan a map on which it was stated that since the twelfth","box":{"x":122,"y":547,"width":907,"height":31}},{"text":"century there existed a mission in the South of Thibet among a","box":{"x":118,"y":575,"width":914,"height":34}},{"text":"tribe called Shokhaptra.","box":{"x":119,"y":604,"width":332,"height":28}},{"text":"Now, I have entered Thibet by the South-Eastern frontier,","box":{"x":164,"y":657,"width":865,"height":38}},{"text":"without coming across any traces of our holy religion; several","box":{"x":113,"y":684,"width":914,"height":36}},{"text":"other travellers entered it by the South-West with no greater success.","box":{"x":118,"y":711,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"So, it is quite possible that the Shokhaptras be a tribe occupying","box":{"x":116,"y":740,"width":911,"height":38}},{"text":"the South of Thibet, in the vicinity of the Padam country. As a","box":{"x":115,"y":767,"width":915,"height":35}},{"text":"matter of fact, I have often been told by the Padams that there","box":{"x":115,"y":798,"width":912,"height":31}},{"text":"existed towards the North, before reaching Thibet, a tribe which","box":{"x":115,"y":824,"width":914,"height":34}},{"text":"shunned all intercourse with the Padams, and from which they","box":{"x":115,"y":849,"width":914,"height":41}},{"text":"pretended to have received the cross. The Padams, being their","box":{"x":115,"y":879,"width":914,"height":35}},{"text":"next neighbours, must have been struck by the importance those","box":{"x":118,"y":908,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"people attached to the cross, and may have adopted it for their own","box":{"x":116,"y":935,"width":910,"height":32}},{"text":"use without guessing much of its meaning. Or it may be that the","box":{"x":113,"y":962,"width":915,"height":34}},{"text":"missionary, in order to bring home to those uncultured minds and","box":{"x":115,"y":990,"width":914,"height":32}},{"text":"hearts the truths of our faith, advised his catechumens to tattoo","box":{"x":115,"y":1017,"width":914,"height":31}},{"text":"themselves with the cross; or anticipating, perhaps, that the","box":{"x":116,"y":1046,"width":912,"height":36}},{"text":"missionary's death would leave them without a pastor, the natives","box":{"x":117,"y":1073,"width":911,"height":34}},{"text":"may have wished in this manner to preserve a precious deposit of","box":{"x":111,"y":1100,"width":919,"height":36}},{"text":"their faith.","box":{"x":113,"y":1130,"width":147,"height":25}},{"text":"I once met a Thibetan who was marked with the same sign;","box":{"x":159,"y":1187,"width":868,"height":28}},{"text":"on my asking where he had learned to wear it, he pointed towards","box":{"x":116,"y":1212,"width":911,"height":35}},{"text":"the Padam country, adding that he had received it from the savage","box":{"x":113,"y":1239,"width":914,"height":35}},{"text":"mountaineers.","box":{"x":112,"y":1269,"width":195,"height":24}}]}}}