{ "book_metadata": { "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials", "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose", "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge", "published_on": "2011" }, "chunks": [ { "chunk_index": 1, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 178 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00202-6f12bc0aabbacd59ae28.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Kaye on Religious Policy", "chunk_data": "110. KAYE ON THE CAUSES OF THE UPRISING OF 1857, AND PROPOSED REMEDIAL RELIGIOUS POLICY (1859 A.D.)", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "J. W. Kaye" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "J. W. Kaye analyzes the causes of the Uprising of 1857 and considers a proposed remedial religious policy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "History" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 2, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 178 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00202-6f12bc0aabbacd59ae28.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Moderate Religious Analysis", "chunk_data": "J. W. Kaye's analysis of the causes of the Uprising of 1857 and evaluation of the proposals made for a more aggressive religious policy subsequently represent a moderate approach not always evident in European writers of the times. He strongly supports the spirit of the Queen's Proclamation of 1 November 1858, the relevant portions of which are quoted. Selections from J. W. Kaye, Christianity in India: an Historical Narrative, pp. 485-496.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "J. W. Kaye", "Queen Victoria" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "J. W. Kaye supports the spirit of Queen Victoria's Proclamation of 1 November 1858 and presents a moderate analysis of religious policy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "History" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 3, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 178 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00202-6f12bc0aabbacd59ae28.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Rebellion Halts Christian Work", "chunk_data": "The great rebellion of 1857 has, however, brought all this good work to a fearful stand-still, and it now only remains for us to consider how far the great question of the diffusion of the Gospel in India is affected by recent calamitous events.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "The Uprising of 1857 brings Christian missionary work in India to a standstill.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Rebellion", "History" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 4, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 178, 179 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00202-6f12bc0aabbacd59ae28.webp", "raw\\pages\\00203-e7a36cff85b8c199c7cc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Competing Explanations", "chunk_data": "The first point that suggests itself for inquiry is, to what extent, if to any, have those calamities resulted from the measures, related or glanced at in the preceding chapters, for the religious enlightenment or the social improvement of the people. To the solution of this, and of almost every other question connected with the great subject of Christianity in India, the most extreme opinions have been brought. On one side it has been declared that the mutiny has resulted from the religious apprehensions of the people, excited by the continued innovations of the English, threatening their ancestral faiths and their time-honoured social usages: and on the other side, it has been asserted with equal confidence that God has visited us with this affliction as a signal mark of his displeasure on account of our national remissness in the great work of upholding His Kingdom and diffusing His word.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "English officials", "Indian people" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Observers offer opposing explanations for the Uprising of 1857, attributing it either to religious fears of British innovations or to divine displeasure over inadequate evangelization.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Rebellion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 5, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 179 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00203-e7a36cff85b8c199c7cc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Truth Between Extremes", "chunk_data": "The truth will be found somewhere at a considerable distance from either of these extremes; but the latter hypothesis is infinitely more unreasonable than the former. Whatever our national remissness—how little soever may have been the all that we have done to establish Christ's kingdom among the Gentiles of the Eastern world, we were never striving more earnestly or more successfully to build up that kingdom, than at the very moment when the great chastisement overtook us.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Eastern world" ], "event": "Kaye rejects the explanation that the rebellion resulted primarily from divine displeasure, arguing that Christian efforts were especially vigorous when the rebellion began.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Rebellion", "History" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 6, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 179 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00203-e7a36cff85b8c199c7cc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Religious Innovations Contribute", "chunk_data": "And, on that account, did it overtake us? Not wholly on that account; but partly on that account. It would be as uncandid to deny that the religious and social innovations of the English in India had anything to do with the outbreak, as it would be unjust to assert that they were the sole causes of it.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "English officials" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye argues that British religious and social innovations contributed to the outbreak but were not its sole causes.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Rebellion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 7, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 179 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00203-e7a36cff85b8c199c7cc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Priestly Fears and Rumors", "chunk_data": "It has been said, in language of exultation, that the whole land has been shaken by Missions to its innermost centre; and that Hindoos and Mahomedans alike are trembling for their religions. This language may be exaggerated; but, although the effect produced upon the great mass of the people may have been far more superficial than is here supposed, I cannot doubt that the fears of the priesthood have been largely excited. They have trembled for their offices; trembled for their gains; trembled for the exclusiveness, which made them sovereigns among the people.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Hindu priests", "Muslim clerics" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Missionary activity arouses fears among religious authorities that their offices, income, and social dominance are threatened.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Society" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 8, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 179 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00203-e7a36cff85b8c199c7cc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Conversion Rumors Spread", "chunk_data": "And we may be sure that they did their best, in a conjuncture of circumstances favourable in the extreme to their designs, to alarm and to irritate the public mind by propagating reports of the intention of the British Government forcibly to convert the people to Christianity. Preposterous as is this idea of forcible conversion, it has often taken possession of the minds even of the more educated classes and in the astute hands of Pandits and Moulavees no more formidable weapon can be conceived. The delusion once propagated, the hostile chiefs knew how to turn it to account; and they invariably charged their proclamations with appeals to the religious feelings of the people, who were incited to make common cause against the encroaching Feringhee.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Pandits", "Moulavees", "Hostile chiefs" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Religious leaders spread rumors of forcible conversion, which hostile chiefs exploit in proclamations urging resistance to the British.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Propaganda", "Rebellion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 9, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 179, 180 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00203-e7a36cff85b8c199c7cc.webp", "raw\\pages\\00204-c9ad870637b1df76315e.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionary Hostility Examined", "chunk_data": "That this apprehension of the destruction of the ancient religions of the people was but one of many concurrent sources of irritation is certain; but it is equally certain that it was one. I have endeavoured, in the most impartial spirit, to ascertain whether any special animosity against missionaries and missionary establishments has been exhibited by the insurgents, but there has been too much inconsistency in their conduct to admit of any general inferences being fairly deduced from it.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Missionaries", "Insurgents" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye identifies fear of the destruction of traditional religions as one source of irritation and examines insurgent hostility toward missionaries.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Rebellion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 10, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 180 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00204-c9ad870637b1df76315e.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Christians and English Scholars Attacked", "chunk_data": "It is certain, however, that native Christians were assailed with as much bitterness as Europeans; but this may have been, not so much on account of their faith, as because of their steadfast adherence to the British. In many cases, English scholars—that is, Hindoo or Mahomedan readers and writers of the English language—were special objects of popular indignation.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Native Christians", "English scholars", "Hindus", "Muslims" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Native Christians and English-educated Hindus and Muslims become targets of popular anger during the rebellion.", "tags": [ "Rebellion", "Religion", "Society" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 11, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 180 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00204-c9ad870637b1df76315e.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Christian Sites Become Targets", "chunk_data": "It is true that, in some places, the Christian Sabbath was fixed upon as the appointed day of insurrection, and the first attack made upon the Christian Church. But this seems rather to have been a point of convenience than of fanaticism; the great aim of the mutineers, an indiscriminate massacre of the Europeans, being greatly facilitated by their assemblage under a common roof, and the absorption of their minds by a common object.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Mutineers", "Europeans" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Mutineers attack Christians and Europeans assembled at churches, chiefly for strategic convenience rather than religious fanaticism.", "tags": [ "Rebellion", "Religion", "Violence" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 12, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 180 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00204-c9ad870637b1df76315e.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Religion Not the Sole Cause", "chunk_data": "All symptoms, indeed, fairly considered, it does not appear that the anger of the insurgents was especially directed against the Christianity of their victims. The apostacy of all the Christians in the country would not have stayed the insurrection, nor do I believe that it would have even mitigated its fury.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Insurgents", "Indian Christians" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye concludes that the rebellion was not directed primarily against Christianity and would not have ended even if all Christians had renounced their faith.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Rebellion", "History" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 13, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 180 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00204-c9ad870637b1df76315e.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Caution After Suppression", "chunk_data": "I do not perceive anything, therefore, in these recent calamitous events to induce us to retrace any of the steps which we have taken; but, assuredly, greater caution during the next few years is rather to be counselled than less. The religious neutrality of the British Government in India has been proclaimed by the Queen in Council, and must ever be a substantive article of our political faith.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": 11, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1858-1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Queen Victoria" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "After the suppression of the rebellion, Kaye urges caution and affirms the religious neutrality proclaimed by Queen Victoria's government.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Governance" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 14, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 180 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00204-c9ad870637b1df76315e.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Restore Public Confidence", "chunk_data": "One of the prime objects—nay the prime object (for we can do nothing without it) of all our efforts, as a Government and as individuals, during the first years succeeding the suppression of the mutiny, is the tranquilization of the public mind. Such a conflict must necessarily leave behind it an irritable condition of the whole frame of society, demanding from us the application of the most soothing remedies. Until we have restored the national confidence in the non-aggressive spirit of the British Government, all that we do will be regarded with suspicion, and, perhaps, repelled with aversion.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1858-1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "British officials", "Indian people" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye makes restoration of public confidence and tranquility the primary objective after the suppression of the rebellion.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Governance", "Rebellion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 15, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 180 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00204-c9ad870637b1df76315e.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Reject a Bolder Christian Policy", "chunk_data": "I cannot think, therefore, that the present time is one either for the verbal enunciation, or for the practical demonstration, of what is called a bolder Christian policy. I cannot think, as many excellent people think, that this is the time to 'strike'. Let the State proclaim its own religion as manfully as it will; but in what relates to the religion of others, it cannot be too quiescent.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "British government" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye rejects an aggressive Christian policy and calls for governmental restraint toward other religions.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Governance" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 16, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 180, 181 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00204-c9ad870637b1df76315e.webp", "raw\\pages\\00205-6ae2cd637a7d0a5dba57.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Religious Endowments Debate", "chunk_data": "It is not, perhaps, sufficient to speak out on such a subject in mere generalities. An appeal has been made to the public mind on certain specific points of practice, and it may not be unprofitable briefly to consider them. One leading feature of the Christian scheme of some religious reformers is the abolition of all endowments granted by the State to the religions of the country. This question has as already been discussed. To advocate such a measure is to advocate such a discreditable breach of faith; and so long as Christianity is endowed from the revenues of India, such a proposal strikes at the very root of the neutrality which is professedly the principle and practice of the British Government. It is not necessary to repeat what has been said on this subject in a preceding chapter.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "British government", "Religious reformers" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye rejects abolishing state endowments for Indian religions as inconsistent with British religious neutrality.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Governance" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 17, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 181 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00205-6ae2cd637a7d0a5dba57.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Government Schools and Christianity", "chunk_data": "Then it is recommended, by some able and excellent men, that Christianity should be openly taught in our Government schools; that the formation of Bible classes of an improved character in as many schools as possible should be a recognised branch of the educational department, and that 'inspectors should endeavour to establish them in the same way as they originate improvements of any other kind.' This doctrine is supported by the high authority of Sir John Lawrence and Colonel Herbert Edwardes.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Sir John Lawrence", "Colonel Herbert Edwardes" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Reformers propose teaching Christianity and establishing Bible classes in government schools, with support from Sir John Lawrence and Colonel Herbert Edwardes.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 18, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 181 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00205-6ae2cd637a7d0a5dba57.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Neutrality Requires Equal Teaching", "chunk_data": "The objection is of a kindred character to that which applies to the proposal for the abolition of religious endowments. How can we, in accordance with any system of religious neutrality, apply the revenues of India to the instruction of the people in the tenets of Christianity, without, at the same time, instructing in their own national religions? If Christianity is to be taught in the schools, supported by the public purse, or, in other words, by the labour of the people—Hinduism and Mahomedanism must also be taught, or there can be no such thing as neutrality.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "British officials", "Indian people" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye argues that government-funded Christian instruction would violate neutrality unless Hinduism and Islam were taught equally.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 19, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 181 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00205-6ae2cd637a7d0a5dba57.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionary Schools versus Government", "chunk_data": "But if we were to set out from a new starting-point and to ignore the neutrality principle altogether, what then? The evangelization of the people is the great object to be attained; and I have a profound conviction that that object will not be promoted by a measure, the effect of which, in all probability, would be to empty the Government schools.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Indian people" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye warns that openly Christian government schools would likely lose their students and hinder evangelization.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 20, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 181 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00205-6ae2cd637a7d0a5dba57.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Fear of Government Conversion", "chunk_data": "It is now answered to this, that the missionary schools in which Christianity is openly taught, are well attended by heathen children. The people associate the idea of missionary teaching with that of argument and persuasion; but all Government measures are identified in their minds with authority and coercion. However repugnant to reason may be the idea of forcible conversion to Christianity, it is a disturbing fact in the minds of the people.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Indian people", "Missionaries" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye distinguishes missionary persuasion from government coercion and notes persistent public fears of forcible conversion.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 21, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 181 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00205-6ae2cd637a7d0a5dba57.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Preserve Government Neutrality", "chunk_data": "Send, as is proposed, chaplains, or missionaries, or ordained schoolmasters, or other competent religious instructors, into the Government schools, and a notion, however preposterous, of this forcible conversion will immediately take possession of the public mind. In the neutrality of the Government lies the hope of the missionaries. It is the basis of all evangelical success. To depart from it will not be to promote, but to obstruct the progress of Christianity; and, therefore, I devoutly hope that the principle will be maintained.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Chaplains", "Missionaries", "Ordained schoolmasters" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye argues that placing Christian instructors in government schools would revive fears of coercive conversion and damage missionary success.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 22, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 181, 182 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00205-6ae2cd637a7d0a5dba57.webp", "raw\\pages\\00206-7a7e99990f74bc635f04.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Suppressing Religious Processions", "chunk_data": "Moreover, it is proposed that whilst we are doing everything that we can do to demonstrate the vitality of the Christian religion, the British Government should check the demonstrativeness of the religions of the country. Hindoo and Mahomedan processions are abominations in the eyes of Christian men; and, therefore, it is said that a Christian Government should not be satisfied with withdrawing from all constructive sanction and support of these obtrusive ceremonials, but should actively suppress them by the strong hand of the law. All religious processions, it is said, might be abolished, 'not on religious ground'—that is, not professedly on religious grounds, but simply as a police measure.'", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "British officials", "Hindus", "Muslims" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Some reformers propose suppressing Hindu and Muslim religious processions as a police measure while promoting Christianity.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Society" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 23, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 182 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00206-7a7e99990f74bc635f04.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Procession Ban Violates Neutrality", "chunk_data": "How would this affect the question of religious neutrality? By prohibiting all religious processions, it is said, we should prohibit those of the Christian religion. Now Romanism, it is true, delights in these processions, and in India fairly competes with Mahomedanism or Hindooism in its external displays. But Protestantism does not delight in processions, and Protestantism is the religion of the State. An Act therefore, prohibiting religious processions in the public streets, would affect all creeds but that of the Government passing the Act. It is not, therefore, very apparent that, give it what gloss you may, such a measure would be in conformity with our avowed principles of neutrality and toleration.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "British government", "Roman Catholics", "Protestants" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye argues that banning public religious processions would effectively privilege state Protestantism and violate neutrality.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Law" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 24, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 182 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00206-7a7e99990f74bc635f04.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Procession Suppression Risks Revolt", "chunk_data": "But the ability of the British Government to suppress these religious processions may be fairly doubted. It is difficult to imagine anything more fatally calculated to exasperate both Hindoos and Mahomedans, and to incite them to violent resistance. The prohibitions of religious processions (including, I presume, marriage processions—events of daily occurrence,) can only be enforced at bayonet's point; and at a time when every effort should be directed to the tranquilization of the public mind, I can imagine nothing more pernicious—but for the high character of those from whom the proposal emanates, I should say anything more insane—than to provoke desperate collisions between Fanaticism and Authority.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "British government", "Hindus", "Muslims" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye warns that suppressing religious and marriage processions would provoke violent resistance and dangerous conflict.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Rebellion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 25, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 182 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00206-7a7e99990f74bc635f04.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Fear of Religious Persecution", "chunk_data": "The natives of India would, not unreasonably, regard the suppression of their external ceremonies as an act of religious persecution to be speedily followed by the demolition of their mosques and pagodas; and we should soon be in the midst of all the horrors of another rebellion not to be trodden out as speedily as the last.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Indian people" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye predicts that suppressing Hindu and Muslim ceremonies would be viewed as religious persecution and could trigger another rebellion.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Rebellion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 26, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 182, 183 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00206-7a7e99990f74bc635f04.webp", "raw\\pages\\00207-febce5dde9f5292116a7.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Native Holidays and Public Offices", "chunk_data": "The disallowance of native holidays is another measure of reform which has recently been advocated. At the period of certain native holidays there is a suspension of public business. Government recognises these festivals by the temporary closing of its offices; and private establishments, dependent upon native agency, follow the example. Now, it is perfectly clear that we have no more right to compel the official attendance of Hindoos at the time of the Doorgah Poojah, than of Christian underlings on Good Friday or Christmas-day. But it is not equally plain that, therefore, the state is bound to recognise these festivals by closing the public offices.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Hindus", "Christian employees" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye considers whether government offices should close for Hindu festivals and compares the issue with Christian holidays.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Governance", "Society" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 27, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 183 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00207-febce5dde9f5292116a7.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Leave for Religious Observance", "chunk_data": "It would be sufficient, for all purpose of toleration, to grant leave of absence to every public servant applying for permission to absent himself, in order that he may perform the service of his religion. There are in every Government office men of various creeds, and there will at the time of any particular festival, be a sufficient number of servants not called away to take part in it, to perform the current duties of the department.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Public servants" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye proposes granting individual leave for religious observance instead of closing government offices during native festivals.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Governance", "Society" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 28, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 183 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00207-febce5dde9f5292116a7.webp" ], "chunk_title": "A Middle Course on Holidays", "chunk_data": "The middle course here recommended will answer all purposes; it will continue to the natives of the country the privilege which they have heretofore enjoyed, and which, indeed, they have a right to expect; and it will release the Government from the necessity of a general observance of the native holidays in a manner calculated to impress the people with the belief that their festivals are approved by the State.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Indian people", "British government" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye recommends individual religious leave as a compromise preserving customary privileges without official state endorsement of native festivals.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Governance", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 29, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 183 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00207-febce5dde9f5292116a7.webp" ], "chunk_title": "State Patronage for Converts", "chunk_data": "Another suggestion is, that Christianity should be encouraged and supported by a more liberal extension of State patronage to Christian converts. There would seem to be an impression on the public mind in England that native Christians are, somehow or other, excluded from public employment. There can be no greater mistake. There is no law or regulation prohibiting their appointment to any office under the State, and if practically there is any exclusion, it must be of a local and accidental character.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Indian Christians", "British officials" ], "places": [ "India", "England" ], "event": "Kaye examines the proposal to extend state patronage to Christian converts and denies that law excludes them from public employment.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Employment" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 30, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 183 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00207-febce5dde9f5292116a7.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Possible Local Prejudice", "chunk_data": "I never heard that Government, as a Government, had any objection to the employment of native Christians. If, however, the number of these converts employed throughout India in the public service does not bear a just proportion to the number of Hindoos and Mahomedans so employed, and if they be equally well qualified for office, there is a reasonable presumption that personal prejudices have operated to the disadvantage of the class. The only way to remedy the evil is to remove those prejudices.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Indian Christians", "Hindus", "Muslims" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye attributes any underrepresentation of Indian Christians in public employment to possible personal prejudice rather than official policy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Employment", "Society" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 31, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 183 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00207-febce5dde9f5292116a7.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Reject Religious Preferment", "chunk_data": "Any open and systematic encouragement to Christian converts of the nature proposed, is to be deprecated. Firstly, because we cannot, without offence to Christianity itself, bribe people to embrace it. And, secondly, because any special indulgence to Christians, on the score of their religion, would be an injustice to the people of other religious persuasions, and a departure from our avowed principles of neutrality and toleration. Any exclusion from office or any disproportionate preferment, on the score of religion, would be equally unjust.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Christian converts", "People of other religions" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye rejects special state favoritism toward Christian converts as incompatible with religious neutrality and equal justice.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Equality" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 32, "chapter_name": "Chapter 110: Kaye on the Causes of the Uprising of 1857, and Proposed Remedial Religious Policy", "page_numbers": [ 183 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00207-febce5dde9f5292116a7.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Reject Aggressive Christian Policy", "chunk_data": "Such are the special questions of a purely religious character which have recently been brought to the notice of the English people, in connection with the momentous subject of the future career of Christianity in India. So far, then, as by a bolder Christian policy, it is meant to signify increased aggressiveness against the religions of the country, the recommendation, from whatsoever quarter it may proceed, must be rejected by the Imperial", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1859, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1859 AD" }, "meta": { "people": [ "English people", "Indian religious communities" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Kaye concludes that any policy making Christianity more aggressive toward India's religions must be rejected.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "History" ] } } ] }