{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        151
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00175-39230e887ba5d4fe8803.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Pope Explains the Mission's Position",
      "chunk_data": "In the controversy with the Lutheran missionaries, the S.P.G. missionary, G. U. Pope, explains the position of his mission on caste in a pamphlet entitled A Letter to the Tranquebar Missionaries regarding Their Position, Their Proceedings, and their Doctrine'. The portion quoted here is from pp. 9-11.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope explained the S.P.G. mission's position on caste in a pamphlet addressed to the Tranquebar missionaries.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        151
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00175-39230e887ba5d4fe8803.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Pope Describes Caste Practices",
      "chunk_data": "But that you may be able to judge whether any of our people are right in leaving the communion of the English Church on this ground, permit me to tell exactly what we really do in regard to caste. Some of the Missionaries of the Church of England may do a little less—none, I think, do more than what I state as our practice. Whether more should not be done is a question which I am not called upon to discuss with you.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope"
        ],
        "places": [
          "English Church",
          "Church of England"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope outlined the caste practices followed by his mission.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        151
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00175-39230e887ba5d4fe8803.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Teachers Must Eat With Missionaries",
      "chunk_data": "1. We do not allow any person to exercise the office of a teacher in any of our Missions who will not eat a meal with the Missionary under whom he wishes to labour.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope",
          "Mission teachers"
        ],
        "places": [
          "S.P.G. Missions"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope required mission teachers to eat with the missionaries under whom they worked.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Education"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        151
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00175-39230e887ba5d4fe8803.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Rule Affected Mission Accessions",
      "chunk_data": "To this regulation you owe nearly, if not indeed all, your accessions. The seceders see that to strengthen your cause is to prepare the way for them and their children's maintenance.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope",
          "Lutheran missionaries",
          "Seceders"
        ],
        "places": [
          "English Church mission"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope argued that the mission's regulations influenced people who joined the Lutheran missionaries.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        151
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00175-39230e887ba5d4fe8803.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Communion Must Have No Caste Distinction",
      "chunk_data": "2. In the administration of the Holy Communion we do not allow any distinction whatever. We take care that no one shall come to the table, who would there manifest, by any gesture or act, by sitting apart, or by seeking to communicate before or after his brethren, any feeling of disgust towards his fellow Christians.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope",
          "Caste Christians"
        ],
        "places": [
          "English Church"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope stated that the Holy Communion was to be administered without caste distinctions.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Holy Communion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        151
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00175-39230e887ba5d4fe8803.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Caste Attitudes Had To Be Tested",
      "chunk_data": "Of course there is difficulty there. It is painful to insist upon little matters which, under other circumstances, could be overlooked. But this is a thing which must be tested. We must be on the watch to repress any indications of a temper of mind that would convert the gifts of God into a means of condemnation to our people.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope"
        ],
        "places": [
          "English Church"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope insisted that caste-based attitudes among communicants had to be tested and suppressed.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Holy Communion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        151
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00175-39230e887ba5d4fe8803.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Caste-Based Communicants Were Excluded",
      "chunk_data": "In charity to them we are bound to pursue this line of conduct. I have heard the Cup of the Lord—the communion of His sacred blood—denounced as Echil (in Tamil means filthy leavings), by a communicant because one of lower caste had drunk of it before! Many (so called) caste Christians would not hesitate thus to speak. Such persons we should certainly exclude. We cannot permit men to come to the altar of the Lord who have aught in their minds against, or in disparagement of their brother.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope",
          "Caste Christians"
        ],
        "places": [
          "English Church"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope described excluding communicants who expressed disgust or contempt toward Christians of lower caste.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Holy Communion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        151
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00175-39230e887ba5d4fe8803.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Lutheran Communion Was Criticized",
      "chunk_data": "Many such people attend our services and seek our ministrations, but on this account alone seek to receive the Communion from you. And you encourage them; and thereby render it necessary to remind you of the danger of becoming partakers of other men's sins.'",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope",
          "Lutheran missionaries",
          "Caste Christians"
        ],
        "places": [
          "English Church"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope accused the Lutheran missionaries of encouraging caste Christians to receive Communion from them.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Holy Communion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Mission Boarding Schools Rejected Caste",
      "chunk_data": "3. I do not allow any caste distinction to be observed in the boarding schools in our mission. All children fed and clothed by me must be treated alike; must mingle in every respect on equal terms.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope",
          "Mission school children"
        ],
        "places": [
          "S.P.G. boarding schools"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope required children in mission boarding schools to be treated equally without caste distinctions.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Education"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Children Reacted To Caste Contact",
      "chunk_data": "Why, I have known a little child, not seven years old, burst into a passion of weeping because her eating vessel simply touched that of another child who was of what is called a lower caste. I have known children to run away from the school in droves because a girl of lower caste went into the kitchen to take away some ashes.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope",
          "Mission school children"
        ],
        "places": [
          "S.P.G. boarding schools"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope recounted children crying or leaving school in response to contact with lower-caste children.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Education"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Missionaries Would Not Sustain Prejudice",
      "chunk_data": "This of course we cannot encourage. We cannot clothe these prejudices in mission garments, or feed them with mission rice.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope"
        ],
        "places": [
          "S.P.G. mission"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope rejected the support of caste prejudices within mission institutions.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Education"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Caste Titles Were Generally Avoided",
      "chunk_data": "4. I do not in general use caste titles. I am somewhat singular in this respect. The M.D.C.S.P.G. in their recent report use them. I am willing to use any titles of honour to my native brethren, some of whom I respect very highly, but none that shall be peculiar to a caste.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope",
          "Native Christian brethren",
          "M.D.C.S.P.G."
        ],
        "places": [
          "S.P.G. mission"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope stated that he generally avoided titles specific to particular castes.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Pope Described Caste-Driven Accessions",
      "chunk_data": "In a note (why not put it into the text), you deny your knowledge of the certain fact that the caste question is the sole cause of the accessions you have received. Now I will tell you the process as it has gone on under my own eyes as it is going on now.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "G. U. Pope",
          "Lutheran missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "English mission",
          "Lutheran mission"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope argued that the caste question was the sole cause of Lutheran accessions and said he would describe the process.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 14,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "A Man Sought A Catechist Position",
      "chunk_data": "A man comes to the English Missionaries, and begs to be put into the Catechist's office for a morsel of rice. His caste and often his character too, stand in the way of his employment.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "A prospective catechist"
        ],
        "places": [
          "English mission"
        ],
        "event": "A man sought employment as a catechist but was prevented by his caste and sometimes his character.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 15,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Man Appealed To His Relatives",
      "chunk_data": "He then goes to a congregation where he has relatives and friends and says to them, Those English Missionaries wish to make us Pariahs: come with me and join the Lutherans—the old mother church that gives no trouble about caste or any thing else.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "A prospective catechist",
          "English missionaries",
          "Lutheran missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "English mission",
          "Lutheran mission"
        ],
        "event": "The man urged his relatives and friends to leave the English missionaries and join the Lutherans, who imposed fewer caste restrictions.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 16,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Catechist Promised Livelihood",
      "chunk_data": "I shall then obtain an appointment as your Catechist, and a living for myself and family; and in return I will take care of your interests in every way.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "A prospective catechist",
          "The man's family"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Lutheran mission"
        ],
        "event": "The man promised to obtain a catechist appointment and livelihood while protecting the interests of those who joined him.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 17,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "A Congregation Was Presented To Lutherans",
      "chunk_data": "He thus gathers a congregation which is presented to you (under false pretences, no doubt) and by you received, with (it may be) stipulations and provisoes which the people well know how to render nugatory with the assistance of the aforesaid Catechist.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "A prospective catechist",
          "Lutheran missionaries",
          "The congregation"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Lutheran mission"
        ],
        "event": "The man gathered a congregation that was presented to and received by the Lutheran missionaries, allegedly under false pretences.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 18,
      "chapter_name": "1853. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Missionaries on Caste",
      "page_numbers": [
        152
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00176-9cdde3f566f2cfae716b.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Lutheran Requirements Were Signed",
      "chunk_data": "You may demand the signatures of the people to your requirements—some know nothing about the matter, and all are prepared to sign any thing pro forma: but do you enforce these requirements?",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1853,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1853,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1853"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Lutheran missionaries",
          "The congregation"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Lutheran mission"
        ],
        "event": "G. U. Pope questioned whether the Lutheran missionaries enforced the requirements that congregants signed.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Caste",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}