{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Radhakrishnan Surveys Missionary Attitudes",
      "chunk_data": "In this portion of his book, East and West in Religion, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan surveys critically the changing attitudes of Christian missionaries towards non-Christian religions in India since the advent of the East India Company's rule.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1929,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1929,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1929"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan critically surveys changing Christian missionary attitudes toward non-Christian religions in India.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Source and Scope of the Discussion",
      "chunk_data": "East and West in Religion, pp.21-25.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1929,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1929,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1929"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The cited discussion comes from pages 21–25 of East and West in Religion.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Sources"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Missionary Attitudes and Political Change",
      "chunk_data": "This point can be illustrated by a reference to the delicate question of the attitude of the Christian missionaries in India to Indian faiths.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1929,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 1757–1929"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Radhakrishnan introduces the question of Christian missionaries' attitudes toward Indian faiths.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Three Stages of British Rule",
      "chunk_data": "This attitude has changed somewhat in the same way as have the political relations between Great Britain and India.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1929,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 1757–1929"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Great Britain",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Radhakrishnan connects changing missionary attitudes with changing political relations between Great Britain and India.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Politics",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Political Stages of British Rule",
      "chunk_data": "The latter may be broadly distinguished into the three stages of (1) The East India Company, (2) The British Empire, (3) The British Commonwealth of Nations.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1947,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1757–1947"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Radhakrishnan distinguishes British political relations with India into the East India Company, British Empire, and British Commonwealth stages.",
        "tags": [
          "Politics",
          "Empire",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "India Under Company Rule",
      "chunk_data": "In the first stage, India was simply a field for exploration.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1757–1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "During the East India Company stage, India was treated as a field for exploration.",
        "tags": [
          "Politics",
          "Empire",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "India Denied Political Rights",
      "chunk_data": "She had no rights of her own and John Company did not believe it necessary to treat her with any respect, much less reverence.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1757–1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "John Company denied India independent rights and failed to treat the country with respect.",
        "tags": [
          "Politics",
          "Empire",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Missionaries Reject Indian Religions",
      "chunk_data": "The Christian missionaries of that day did not recognize anything vital or valuable in the Indian religions.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1757–1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Early Christian missionaries rejected the vitality and value of Indian religions.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Indian Faiths Called Darkness",
      "chunk_data": "For them, the native faiths were a mass of unredeemed darkness and error.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1757–1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Early Christian missionaries characterized Indian faiths as darkness and error.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Missionary Desire to Eradicate Faiths",
      "chunk_data": "They had supreme contempt for the heathen religions and wished to root them out, lock, stock and barrel.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1757–1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Early Christian missionaries expressed contempt for non-Christian religions and sought to eradicate them completely.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Exclusive Claims About God",
      "chunk_data": "It is a natural tendency of the human mind to suppose that its own god is God of all the earth, while all other gods are 'mumbo jumbo' made with human hands.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1757–1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [],
        "event": "Radhakrishnan describes the tendency to regard one's own deity as universal and other gods as human inventions.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Theology"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Bishop Heber's Iconoclast Hymn",
      "chunk_data": "Bishop Heber's famous hymn brings out admirably this attitude of iconoclasm.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1823,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1826,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1823–1826"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Bishop Reginald Heber"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Bishop Heber's famous hymn expressed the iconoclastic attitude toward Indian religions.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries",
          "Culture"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Christianity as the Sole True Religion",
      "chunk_data": "That Christianity is the one true religion and all other religions are utterly false has been the belief not only of the rank and file in the Christian Church but also of many Christian men and women of high intellectual standing.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1757–1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The belief in Christianity as the sole true religion was held by ordinary Christians and highly educated Christian men and women.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Theology"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 14,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Aggressive Propaganda Lacked Charity",
      "chunk_data": "This aggressive propaganda lacked the one thing needful—charity.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1757,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1757–1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Radhakrishnan criticizes early Christian missionary propaganda for lacking charity.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries",
          "Ethics"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 15,
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      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "British Government Takes Control",
      "chunk_data": "In 1858, after the great Indian Mutiny—a mutiny was necessary—the British Government took charge of India and recognized certain rights and interests of the Indian people; but India became a dependency, a means to an end, and the interests of Great Britain were paramount.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1858,
        "start_month": 1,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "India",
          "Great Britain"
        ],
        "event": "After the Indian Mutiny, the British Government assumed direct control of India while subordinating Indian interests to those of Great Britain.",
        "tags": [
          "Politics",
          "Empire",
          "War"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 16,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Improvement Over Company Rule",
      "chunk_data": "All the same, it is an improvement on the conditions of the East India Company.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1858,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1858,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1858"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Radhakrishnan regards direct British government as an improvement over East India Company rule.",
        "tags": [
          "Politics",
          "Empire",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 17,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00369-1d2c220b3aa7472e2863.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Missionary Propaganda Moderated",
      "chunk_data": "Similarly the Christian missionaries of the second stage realized the futility of aggressive propaganda, and did not dismiss the Indian faiths as a mass of superstition and a sink of iniquity, but regarded them as possessing some virtues of their own.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1858,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1947,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1858–1947"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Missionaries in the second stage abandoned aggressive propaganda and acknowledged virtues in Indian faiths.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 18,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
      "image_paths": [
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Indian Religious Development Recognized",
      "chunk_data": "For a religious development existing over forty centuries and attaining spiritual heights which challenge comparison with the best products of other religions cannot be set aside as having no survival value.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1858,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1947,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1858–1947"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The long development and spiritual achievements of Indian religions came to be recognized as having enduring value.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "India",
          "Philosophy"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 19,
      "chapter_name": "1929. Radhakrishnan on the Attitude of Christian Missionaries to Other Religions in India",
      "page_numbers": [
        345
      ],
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      ],
      "chunk_title": "Other Religions as Preparation",
      "chunk_data": "The other systems came to be regarded as a preparation, and Christianity as a crown and completion of them all.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1858,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1947,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1858–1947"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Missionaries in the second stage viewed other religious systems as preparation for Christianity, which they considered their crown and completion.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Theology",
          "Missionaries"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 20,
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        345
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      "chunk_title": "Contrast Between Two Attitudes",
      "chunk_data": "While the first attitude is reminiscent",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1858,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1947,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1858–1947"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christian missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "Radhakrishnan begins contrasting the first missionary attitude with the second.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missionaries",
          "History"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}