{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "History of Christianity in India: Source Materials",
    "book_author": "M. K. Kuriakose",
    "publisher": "Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge",
    "published_on": "2011"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        317
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00341-889a74d2e19d5b265d23.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Conference and Manifesto",
      "chunk_data": "Following a regular Indian ministers' meeting under the sponsorship of the Evangelistic Forward Movement held at Tranquebar, a Conference on Church Union was convened by Bishop V. S. Azariah. This conference was organized through the efforts of Meshack Peter of the South India United Church and V. S. Azariah of the Anglican Church and was held from 1st to 2nd May, 1919. The Manifesto proposing a union of their churches, and the procedures that might be adopted in effecting it, was signed by seven Anglicans and twenty-six members of the South India United Church, including two non-Indians. The Manifesto led to the beginning of negotiations that ended in the formation of the Church of South India in 1947. It has had extensive influence on the church union movement. Cited in Bengt Sundkler, Church of South India: The Movement Towards Union 1900-1947, pp. 101-103.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": 1,
        "end_year": 1947,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1 May 1919–1947"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "V. S. Azariah",
          "Meshack Peter",
          "Bengt Sundkler"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tranquebar",
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The Tranquebar Conference on Church Union produced a manifesto that initiated negotiations leading to the Church of South India.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Christianity",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        317
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00341-889a74d2e19d5b265d23.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Opening Statement on Union",
      "chunk_data": "We, as individual members of the Anglican Communion and the South India United Church, having met at Tranquebar in the first ministers' conference on church union, after prayer, thought and discussion, have agreed on the following statement concerning the union of the Anglican Church with the South India United Church.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": 1,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": 5,
        "end_date": 2,
        "time_display": "1–2 May 1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Members of the Anglican Communion",
          "Members of the South India United Church"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tranquebar"
        ],
        "event": "Anglican and South India United Church members agreed to issue a statement on church union.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        317
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00341-889a74d2e19d5b265d23.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Union as God’s Will",
      "chunk_data": "Surusot\n\nWe believe that the union is the will of God, even as our Lord prayed that we might all be one, that the world might believe. We believe that union is the teaching of the Scripture. There is one body, and one Spirit, even as also ye were called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all, who is over all, and through all, and in all.'",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": 5,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Jesus Christ"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The manifesto declared that church union was God's will and was taught by Scripture.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Church Union"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        317
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00341-889a74d2e19d5b265d23.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "A Call to End Divisions",
      "chunk_data": "We believe that the challenge of the present hour in the period of reconstruction after the war, in the gathering together of the nations, and the present critical situation in India itself, call us to mourn our past divisions and turn to our Lord Jesus Christ to seek in Him the unity of the body expressed in one visible Church.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Jesus Christ"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The signatories called Christians to overcome divisions during postwar reconstruction and India's critical situation.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Church Union",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        317
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00341-889a74d2e19d5b265d23.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Winning India for Christ",
      "chunk_data": "We face together the titanic task of the winning of India for Christ -one-fifth of the human race. Yet, confronted by such an overwhelming responsibility, we find ourselves rendered weak and relatively impotent by our unhappy divisions-divisions for which we were not responsible, and which have been, as it were imposed upon us from without; divisions which we did not create, and which we do not desire to perpetuate.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Christians in India"
        ],
        "places": [
          "India"
        ],
        "event": "The manifesto identified Christian division as a weakness in the effort to evangelize India.",
        "tags": [
          "Mission",
          "Religion",
          "India"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        317,
        318
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00341-889a74d2e19d5b265d23.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00342-242a567e10a8e5d136f1.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Three Elements of the Church",
      "chunk_data": "In this Church we believe that three Scriptural elements must be considered: (1) The Congregational element, representing 'the whole Church', with every member' having immediate access to God, each exercising his gift for the development of the whole body. (2) We believe it should include the delegated, organized, or Presbyterian element, whereby the Church could unite in a General Assembly, Synods or Councils in organized unity. (3) We believe it should include the representative, executive, or Episcopal element. Thus all three elements, no one of which is absolute or sufficient without the other, should be included in the Church of the future, for we aim not at compromise for the sake of peace, but at comprehension for the sake of truth.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The manifesto proposed combining congregational, Presbyterian, and Episcopal elements in the future united church.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Church Government",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        318
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00342-242a567e10a8e5d136f1.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "The Historic Episcopate",
      "chunk_data": "In seeking union, the Anglican members present stand for the one ultimate principle of the Historic Episcopate. They ask the 'acceptance of the fact of episcopacy and not any theory as to its character'. The South India United Church members believe it is 'a necessary condition that the Episcopate should reassume a constitutional form on the primitive, simple, apostolic model.'",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Anglican members",
          "South India United Church members"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The Anglican and South India United Church members stated their respective requirements concerning the Historic Episcopate.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Episcopacy",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        318
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00342-242a567e10a8e5d136f1.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Spiritual Equality and Laity",
      "chunk_data": "While the Anglicans ask for the Historic Episcopate, the members of the South India United Church also make one condition of union, namely the recognition of spiritual equality, of the universal priesthood of all believers, and of the rights of the laity to their full expression in the Church. They ask that this principle of spiritual equality shall be maintained throughout at every step of the negotiations.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Members of the South India United Church"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The South India United Church required recognition of spiritual equality, universal priesthood, and lay rights in the negotiations.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Laity",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        318
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00342-242a567e10a8e5d136f1.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Basis for Church Union",
      "chunk_data": "Upon this common ground of the Historic Episcopate and of the spiritual equality of all members of the two churches, we propose union on the following basis:\n\n(1) The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, as containing all things necessary to salvation.\n(2) The Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed.\n(3) The two Sacraments ordained by Christ Himself- Baptism and the Lord's Supper.\n(4) The Historic Episcopate, locally adapted.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Members of the Anglican Church",
          "Members of the South India United Church"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The two churches proposed union based on Scripture, the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds, two sacraments, and a locally adapted episcopate.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Creeds",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        318
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00342-242a567e10a8e5d136f1.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Acceptance of Episcopacy",
      "chunk_data": "We understand that the acceptance of the fact of the Episcopate does not involve the acceptance of any theory of the origin of episcopacy nor any doctrinal interpretation of the fact. It is further agreed that the terms of union should involve no Christian community in the necessity of disowning its past, and we find it no part of our duty to call in question the validity of each other's orders.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Members of the Anglican Church",
          "Members of the South India United Church"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The proposed union accepted episcopacy without requiring a theory about its origin or rejection of either church's past and orders.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Episcopacy",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        318,
        319
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00342-242a567e10a8e5d136f1.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00343-4393c6d438555d512b27.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Plan for Consecrating Bishops",
      "chunk_data": "Fully recognizing that we do not commit our respective bodies to any action, we individually and unofficially agree upon the following plan of union. After full deliberation, let the South India United Church, if it desires union, choose from its own members certain men who shall be consecrated as bishops. In the consecration of these first bishops it is suggested that three or more bishops of the Anglican Church shall lay their hands upon the candidates, together with an equal number of ministers as representatives of the South India United Church.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Anglican bishops",
          "South India United Church ministers"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The unofficial plan proposed that the South India United Church select bishops who would be consecrated jointly by Anglican bishops and South India United Church ministers.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Episcopacy",
          "Leadership"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        319
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00343-4393c6d438555d512b27.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Intercommunion After Consecration",
      "chunk_data": "As soon as the first bishops are consecrated, the two bodies would be in intercommunion, but the further limitation of existing ministers with regard to celebrating the Communion in the churches of the other body might still remain.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "The first bishops",
          "Existing ministers"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The proposed consecration of the first bishops would establish intercommunion between the two bodies.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Intercommunion",
          "Episcopacy"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        319
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00343-4393c6d438555d512b27.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Commission for Communion",
      "chunk_data": "In accordance with the principle of spiritual equality we desire to find some means to permit ministers of either body to celebrate the Communion in the churches of the other body. As one possible solution, we would suggest that a special Service of Commission should be held. All ministers of both bodies desiring authority to officiate at the Communion throughout the whole Church should present themselves to receive at the hands of all the bishops of the United Churches a commission for such celebration of the Communion.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Ministers of the Anglican Church",
          "Ministers of the South India United Church",
          "Bishops of the United Churches"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The manifesto proposed a special commission allowing ministers of either church to celebrate Communion throughout the united church.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Communion",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 14,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        319
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00343-4393c6d438555d512b27.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Freedom of Individual Practice",
      "chunk_data": "Ministers of either body not desiring to officiate at the Communion in the other Church would be under no obligation to present themselves. Full liberty would be claimed for individuals on the extreme wing of each body to maintain their present views and practices.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Ministers of the Anglican Church",
          "Ministers of the South India United Church"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The proposed union preserved freedom for ministers and individuals who did not wish to adopt the other church's Communion practices.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Religious Freedom",
          "Communion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 15,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        319
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00343-4393c6d438555d512b27.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Commitment to Work Toward Union",
      "chunk_data": "While not committing our respective bodies, we, unofficially and individually, with the blessing of God, agree to work toward union on such a basis.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Anglican representatives",
          "South India United Church representatives"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "The individual representatives agreed to work unofficially toward church union on the proposed basis.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Religion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 16,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        319
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00343-4393c6d438555d512b27.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Anglican Participants",
      "chunk_data": "Those present were:\n\nAnglicans\nThe Rt. Rev. The Bishop of Dornakal (V. S. Azariah), Rev. S. G. Maduram, Rev. J. B. Gnanaolivu, Rev. A. Devadas, Rev. A. Savarimuthu, Rev. A. Ezekiel, Rev. D. Koilpillai (7).",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "V. S. Azariah",
          "S. G. Maduram",
          "J. B. Gnanaolivu",
          "A. Devadas",
          "A. Savarimuthu",
          "A. Ezekiel",
          "D. Koilpillai"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Dornakal"
        ],
        "event": "Seven Anglican representatives attended the Tranquebar Conference.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Anglicanism",
          "Participants"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 17,
      "chapter_name": "1919. The Tranquebar Manifesto",
      "page_numbers": [
        319
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00343-4393c6d438555d512b27.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "South India United Church Participants",
      "chunk_data": "South India United Church\nRev. V. Santiago, Rev. M. S. Taylor, Rev. Thangam Gabriel, Rev. P. Asirvadam, Rev. Y. J. Taylor, Rev. G. Vedanayagam, Rev. N. Gnanasigamani, Rev. Y. D. Samuel, Rev. Meshach Peter, Rev. P. Arivanandam, Rev. M. L. Jivaratnam, Rev. Benjamin Thomas, Rev. L. I. Stephen, Rev. G. Gnanamuthu, Rev. P. Thangamuthu, Rev. E. W. Thayil, Rev. M. Simon, Rev. D. C. Hutton, Rev. S. Soans, Rev. S. Ambatt, Rev. P. Zacharias, Rev. N. Edapalan, Rev. Ch. Herman, Rev. S. Paramanandam, Rev. H. A. Popley, Mr. G. Sherwood Eddy (26).",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1919,
        "start_month": 5,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1919,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1919"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "V. Santiago",
          "M. S. Taylor",
          "Thangam Gabriel",
          "P. Asirvadam",
          "Y. J. Taylor",
          "G. Vedanayagam",
          "N. Gnanasigamani",
          "Y. D. Samuel",
          "Meshach Peter",
          "P. Arivanandam",
          "M. L. Jivaratnam",
          "Benjamin Thomas",
          "L. I. Stephen",
          "G. Gnanamuthu",
          "P. Thangamuthu",
          "E. W. Thayil",
          "M. Simon",
          "D. C. Hutton",
          "S. Soans",
          "S. Ambatt",
          "P. Zacharias",
          "N. Edapalan",
          "Ch. Herman",
          "S. Paramanandam",
          "H. A. Popley",
          "G. Sherwood Eddy"
        ],
        "places": [],
        "event": "Twenty-six South India United Church representatives attended the Tranquebar Conference.",
        "tags": [
          "Church Union",
          "Participants",
          "Christianity"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}