{ "book_metadata": { "book_name": "HISTORY OF THE MISSIONS", "book_author": "BERNARD DE VAULX", "publisher": "HAWTHORN BOOKS PUBLISHERS", "published_on": "2026" }, "chunks": [ { "chunk_index": 1, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Chapter XVI Heading", "chunk_data": "CHAPTER XVI\nTHE MISSIONS IN THE\nNEAR EAST", "time": { "start_year": null, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": null, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "19th–20th century" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Near East" ], "event": "Chapter heading introducing the missions in the Near East.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 2, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Anxiety Over Oriental Christians", "chunk_data": "The lot of the uniate Oriental Christians gave more anxiety than ever to the Holy See from the moment when, in 1821, the year of the rising in Greece, the dismemberment of Turkey began.", "time": { "start_year": 1821, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1821, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1821" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Greece", "Turkey", "Near East" ], "event": "The Holy See became increasingly concerned about the condition of uniate Oriental Christians as the dismemberment of Turkey began during the Greek rising.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Near East" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 3, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "European Intervention Fuels Animosity", "chunk_data": "The interference of the European Powers had brought Turkish animosity to a pitch of frenzy.", "time": { "start_year": 1821, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1821, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "After 1821" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Turkey", "Europe" ], "event": "European intervention intensified Turkish hostility toward Christians.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Persecution", "Near East" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 4, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Massacres Ravage Eastern Christians", "chunk_data": "The most appalling massacres of Christians ravaged the whole East, in Syria (1860), the Balkans (1878), Armenia (1894-6), Adana (1908) and finally, the massacre which lasted from 1915 to 1919 throughout the ruins of the Ottoman empire.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1919, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1860–1919" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Syria", "The Balkans", "Armenia", "Adana", "Ottoman Empire" ], "event": "Massacres of Christians occurred in Syria, the Balkans, Armenia, Adana, and across the Ottoman Empire.", "tags": [ "Persecution", "War", "Near East" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 5, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Catholics Placed Under Orthodox Authority", "chunk_data": "As a general rule, the Turkish Government separated Catholics from Rome by placing them under the authority of patriarchs of the Orthodox Church.", "time": { "start_year": 1821, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1832, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Early 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Turkey" ], "event": "The Turkish Government placed Catholics who were separated from Rome under Orthodox patriarchs.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 6, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Gregory XVI Creates Delegations", "chunk_data": "Gregory XVI took care at once to provide them with some support by creating, between 1832 and 1839, three Apostolic Delegations to cover the whole of the Near East.", "time": { "start_year": 1832, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1832–1839" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Gregory XVI" ], "places": [ "Near East" ], "event": "Pope Gregory XVI created three Apostolic Delegations covering the Near East to support Oriental Catholics.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 7, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "French Orders Revive Missions", "chunk_data": "At the same time, thanks to the re-establishment of the religious Orders in France, missionaries arrived in sufficient numbers to revive old foundations that had had to be abandoned after the French Revolution.", "time": { "start_year": 1815, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Early 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "France", "Near East" ], "event": "The restoration of religious orders in France enabled missionaries to revive foundations abandoned after the French Revolution.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Religion", "France" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 8, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "New Mission Foundations Established", "chunk_data": "They also established new ones.", "time": { "start_year": 1832, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1832–1839" }, "meta": { "people": [ "French religious orders", "Missionaries" ], "places": [ "Near East" ], "event": "French religious orders and missionaries established new mission foundations.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 9, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Vincentians Expand Their Colleges", "chunk_data": "The Vincentians reopened their college at Constantinople and inaugurated others at Smyrna, Santorin and Antoura.", "time": { "start_year": 1832, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1832–1839" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Vincentians" ], "places": [ "Constantinople", "Smyrna", "Santorin", "Antoura" ], "event": "The Vincentians reopened their Constantinople college and opened additional colleges in Smyrna, Santorin, and Antoura.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Education", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 10, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jesuits Establish Beirut Seminary", "chunk_data": "The Jesuits returned to Beirut in 1839, and then established at Ghazir in 1846, a central seminary open to all rites in communion with Rome.", "time": { "start_year": 1839, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1846, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1839–1846" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Jesuits" ], "places": [ "Beirut", "Ghazir", "Rome" ], "event": "The Jesuits returned to Beirut and later founded a central seminary at Ghazir for all rites in communion with Rome.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Education", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 11, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Christian Brothers and Daughters Arrive", "chunk_data": "The Brothers of the Christian Schools arrived in 1840, the Daughters of Charity at Constantinople in", "time": { "start_year": 1840, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1840, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1840" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Brothers of the Christian Schools", "Daughters of Charity" ], "places": [ "Constantinople" ], "event": "The Brothers of the Christian Schools arrived, and the Daughters of Charity began arriving in Constantinople.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Education", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 12, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00189-d4c35ad77972854068b6.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Page Header and Number", "chunk_data": "THE MISSIONS IN THE NEAR EAST\n185", "time": { "start_year": null, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": null, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Undated" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Near East" ], "event": "Printed page header and page number.", "tags": [ "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 13, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 184, 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00188-44a494657c74f55be226.webp", "raw\\pages\\00189-d4c35ad77972854068b6.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Daughters Expand to Beirut", "chunk_data": "1839 and in 1847 at Beirut where they were followed shortly after by the Sisters of St Joseph of the Apparition.", "time": { "start_year": 1839, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1847, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1839–1847" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Daughters of Charity", "Sisters of St Joseph of the Apparition" ], "places": [ "Constantinople", "Beirut" ], "event": "The Daughters of Charity established themselves in Constantinople and Beirut, followed by the Sisters of St Joseph of the Apparition in Beirut.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Education", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 14, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00189-d4c35ad77972854068b6.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Eugène Boré Advocates Education", "chunk_data": "This growth of educational foundations was due in large measure to the campaigns of a young Orientalist, Eugène Boré, who had returned from a fact-finding journey to Persia (1838) convinced that to rescue these unfortunate Christians from ignorance and superstition was a task of the utmost urgency.", "time": { "start_year": 1838, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1838, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1838" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Eugène Boré" ], "places": [ "Persia" ], "event": "After investigating Persia, Eugène Boré campaigned for educational foundations to rescue Oriental Christians from ignorance and superstition.", "tags": [ "Education", "Missions", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 15, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00189-d4c35ad77972854068b6.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Boré Joins the Vincentians", "chunk_data": "After his own entry into the Vincentian Congregation, of which he later became Superior General, he was able to work directly for the carrying out of the programme he had drawn up.", "time": { "start_year": 1838, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": null, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "After 1838" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Eugène Boré" ], "places": [], "event": "Eugène Boré entered the Vincentian Congregation, later became its Superior General, and worked directly to implement his programme.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Religion", "Education" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 16, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00189-d4c35ad77972854068b6.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Latin Hierarchy Restored", "chunk_data": "The Latin hierarchy had disappeared in the thirteenth century after the withdrawal of the Franks. Pius IX re-established it at Jerusalem in 1847 and at Athens in 1875.", "time": { "start_year": 1847, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1875, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1847–1875" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Pius IX", "Franks" ], "places": [ "Jerusalem", "Athens" ], "event": "Pius IX restored the Latin hierarchy at Jerusalem and Athens after its medieval disappearance.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Church" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 17, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00189-d4c35ad77972854068b6.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missions Strengthen Latin Positions", "chunk_data": "Other factors also helped to strengthen the positions of the Latins: the development of the missions in Mesopotamia which, thanks to the Italian Dominicans, stretched from Mosul to Van, Seert and Djeziri; the revival of the old Carmelite missions in Baghdad; the arrival of the Spanish Capuchins at Diarbekir, then at Orfa and Mardin; the establishment of an Apostolic Delegation in Persia, distinct from that in Mesopotamia, which was entrusted to the Vincentians; finally, the increase in the numbers of educational, medical and charitable institutions.", "time": { "start_year": 1832, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1890, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Italian Dominicans", "Spanish Capuchins", "Vincentians" ], "places": [ "Mesopotamia", "Mosul", "Van", "Seert", "Djeziri", "Baghdad", "Diarbekir", "Orfa", "Mardin", "Persia" ], "event": "Dominican, Carmelite, Capuchin, and Vincentian missions, along with educational, medical, and charitable institutions, strengthened Latin Catholic positions across the Near East.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Education", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 18, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00189-d4c35ad77972854068b6.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Leo XIII Supports Uniate Hierarchy", "chunk_data": "The Orthodox hierarchy had not replied to the invitation to attend the Vatican Council sent them by Pius IX. Hence Leo XIII showed all the more solicitude towards the uniate Oriental hierarchy.", "time": { "start_year": 1869, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1870, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1869–1870" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Pius IX", "Leo XIII" ], "places": [ "Vatican" ], "event": "After the Orthodox hierarchy failed to respond to Pius IX's invitation to the First Vatican Council, Leo XIII showed increased concern for the uniate Oriental hierarchy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Church", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 19, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00189-d4c35ad77972854068b6.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Seminaries Train Eastern Clergy", "chunk_data": "He gave them the means to recruit and to train a clergy of quality for each rite. Seminaries were therefore established in Cairo by the Jesuits for the Copts (1897), at Constantinople (1881) by the Capuchins for all the rites, at St Anne in Jerusalem by the White Fathers for the Melkites, at Mosul (1885) by the Dominicans for the Syro-Chaldeans, at Zeitenlik (1885) by the Vincentians for the Bulgarian clergy.", "time": { "start_year": 1881, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1897, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1881–1897" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII", "Jesuits", "Capuchins", "White Fathers", "Dominicans", "Vincentians" ], "places": [ "Cairo", "Constantinople", "St Anne in Jerusalem", "Jerusalem", "Mosul", "Zeitenlik" ], "event": "Leo XIII supported the recruitment and training of Eastern clergy, leading to seminaries for multiple rites across the Near East.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 20, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 185 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00189-d4c35ad77972854068b6.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Leo XIII's Eastern Principle", "chunk_data": "The idea behind these foundations is contained in a phrase which Leo XIII, the Pope of Union, was fond of repeating:", "time": { "start_year": 1878, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1903, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Leo XIII's pontificate, 1878–1903" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII" ], "places": [], "event": "Leo XIII articulated the principle underlying the Eastern seminaries and foundations.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 21, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00190-d58460a2dc76d0210b79.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Page Number and Eastern Maxim", "chunk_data": "186\nTHE MISSIONS IN THE NEAR EAST\n\"The East will be converted by the Easterns.\"", "time": { "start_year": 1878, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1903, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Leo XIII's pontificate, 1878–1903" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII" ], "places": [ "East" ], "event": "Leo XIII expressed the principle that Eastern Christians would convert the East.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 22, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00190-d58460a2dc76d0210b79.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Roman Seminaries Serve Eastern Rites", "chunk_data": "At Rome itself, he founded a seminary for the Armenians (1883) and, in 1891, another for the Maronites.", "time": { "start_year": 1883, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1891, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1883–1891" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII" ], "places": [ "Rome" ], "event": "Leo XIII founded seminaries in Rome for Armenians and Maronites.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 23, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00190-d58460a2dc76d0210b79.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Eastern Colleges and Bursaries Restored", "chunk_data": "He restored the College of St Athanasius for the Greeks and founded bursaries for the Syrians at the Urban College.", "time": { "start_year": 1878, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1903, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1878–1903" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII" ], "places": [ "Rome" ], "event": "Leo XIII restored the College of St Athanasius for Greeks and established Syrian bursaries at the Urban College.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 24, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00190-d58460a2dc76d0210b79.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Orientalium Dignitas Protects Privileges", "chunk_data": "His letter Orientalium dignitas (1894) guaranteed to the Eastern Churches their traditional privileges.", "time": { "start_year": 1894, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1894, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1894" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII" ], "places": [ "Eastern Churches" ], "event": "Leo XIII's letter Orientalium dignitas guaranteed the traditional privileges of the Eastern Churches.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Church", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 25, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00190-d58460a2dc76d0210b79.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Motu Proprio Guides Delegates", "chunk_data": "A Motu proprio (1895) recommended the apostolic delegates to treat the patriarchs with all due deference, to have at least two meetings a year with them and to take care to maintain good relations between the Latin missionaries and the Oriental clergy.", "time": { "start_year": 1895, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1895, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1895" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII", "Apostolic delegates", "Patriarchs" ], "places": [ "East" ], "event": "Leo XIII instructed apostolic delegates to show deference to patriarchs, meet with them regularly, and preserve relations between Latin missionaries and Oriental clergy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 26, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00190-d58460a2dc76d0210b79.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Mission Superior Replaces Prefect", "chunk_data": "With this project still in mind, Leo XIII suppressed in the East the title of prefect apostolic and replaced it by that of mission superior.", "time": { "start_year": 1895, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1903, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1895–1903" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII" ], "places": [ "East" ], "event": "Leo XIII replaced the title of prefect apostolic with mission superior in the East.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 27, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00190-d58460a2dc76d0210b79.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Latin Clergy Join Eastern Rites", "chunk_data": "Further, the Latin clergy were allowed attach themselves to this or that oriental rite as occasion arose.", "time": { "start_year": 1895, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1903, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1895–1903" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Latin clergy" ], "places": [ "East" ], "event": "Latin clergy were permitted to attach themselves to Oriental rites when circumstances required.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Church" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 28, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVI: The Missions in the Near East", "page_numbers": [ 186 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00190-d58460a2dc76d0210b79.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Benedict XV Founds Eastern Congregation", "chunk_data": "Benedict XV brought this conciliatory policy to full fruition when, in 1917, he founded the Sacred Congregation of the Eastern Church, thus granting autonomy to the special section for the affairs of the Eastern Church which had been established by Pius IX in 1862 as part of the Sacred College of Propaganda.", "time": { "start_year": 1917, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1917, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1917" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Benedict XV", "Pius IX" ], "places": [ "Eastern Church", "Rome" ], "event": "Benedict XV founded the Sacred Congregation of the Eastern Church and granted autonomy to the Eastern affairs section originally established by Pius IX.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Church", "Politics" ] } } ] }