{
  "bookName": "HISTORY OF THE MISSIONS",
  "authorName": "BERNARD DE VAULX",
  "publisherName": "HAWTHORN BOOKS PUBLISHERS",
  "publicationYear": 2026,
  "chapterNumber": 16,
  "chapterName": "The Missions in the Near East",
  "pageFrom": 184,
  "pageTo": 186,
  "pages": [
    {
      "pageNumber": 184,
      "ocrText": "CHAPTER XVI\nTHE MISSIONS IN THE\nNEAR EAST\nThe lot of the uniate Oriental Christians gave more anxiety\nthan ever to the Holy See from the moment when, in 1821, the\nyear of the rising in Greece, the dismemberment of Turkey\nbegan. The interference of the European Powers had brought\nTurkish animosity to a pitch of frenzy. The most appalling\nmassacres of Christians ravaged the whole East, in Syria (1860),\nthe Balkans (1878), Armenia (1894-6), Adana (1908) and\nfinally, the massacre which lasted from 1915 to 1919 through-\nout the ruins of the Ottoman empire.\nAs a general rule, the Turkish Government separated\nCatholics from Rome by placing them under the authority of\npatriarchs of the Orthodox Church. Gregory XVI took care\nat once to provide them with some support by creating,\nbetween 1832 and 1839, three Apostolic Delegations to cover\nthe whole of the Near East. At the same time, thanks to the\nre-establishment of the religious Orders in France, mission-\naries arrived in sufficient numbers to revive old foundations\nthat had had to be abandoned after the French Revolution.\nThey also established new ones. The Vincentians reopened\ntheir college at Constantinople and inaugurated others at\nSmyrna, Santorin and Antoura.\nThe Jesuits returned to Beirut in 1839, and then established\nat Ghazir in 1846, a central seminary open to all rites in com-\nmunion with Rome. The Brothers of the Christian Schools\narrived in 1840, the Daughters of Charity at Constantinople in",
      "status": "completed"
    },
    {
      "pageNumber": 185,
      "ocrText": "THE MISSIONS IN THE NEAR EAST\n185\n1839 and in 1847 at Beirut where they were followed shortly\nafter by the Sisters of St Joseph of the Apparition.\nThis growth of educational foundations was due in large\nmeasure to the campaigns of a young Orientalist, Eugène Boré,\nwho had returned from a fact-finding journey to Persia (1838)\nconvinced that to rescue these unfortunate Christians from\nignorance and superstition was a task of the utmost urgency.\nAfter his own entry into the Vincentian Congregation, of\nwhich he later became Superior General, he was able to work\ndirectly for the carrying out of the programme he had drawn\nup.\nThe Latin hierarchy had disappeared in the thirteenth cen-\ntury after the withdrawal of the Franks. Pius IX re-established\nit at Jerusalem in 1847 and at Athens in 1875.\nOther factors also helped to strengthen the positions of the\nLatins: the development of the missions in Mesopotamia\nwhich, thanks to the Italian Dominicans, stretched from Mosul\nto Van, Seert and Djeziri; the revival of the old Carmelite\nmissions in Baghdad; the arrival of the Spanish Capuchins at\nDiarbekir, then at Orfa and Mardin; the establishment of an\nApostolic Delegation in Persia, distinct from that in Meso-\npotamia, which was entrusted to the Vincentians; finally, the\nincrease in the numbers of educational, medical and charitable\ninstitutions.\nThe Orthodox hierarchy had not replied to the invitation to\nattend the Vatican Council sent them by Pius IX. Hence Leo\nXIII showed all the more solicitude towards the uniate\nOriental hierarchy. He gave them the means to recruit and to\ntrain a clergy of quality for each rite. Seminaries were there-\nfore established in Cairo by the Jesuits for the Copts (1897),\nat Constantinople (1881) by the Capuchins for all the rites, at\nSt Anne in Jerusalem by the White Fathers for the Melkites,\nat Mosul (1885) by the Dominicans for the Syro-Chaldeans, at\nZeitenlik (1885) by the Vincentians for the Bulgarian clergy.\nThe idea behind these foundations is contained in a phrase\nwhich Leo XIII, the Pope of Union, was fond of repeating:",
      "status": "completed"
    },
    {
      "pageNumber": 186,
      "ocrText": "186\nTHE MISSIONS IN THE NEAR EAST\n\"The East will be converted by the Easterns.\" At Rome itself,\nhe founded a seminary for the Armenians (1883) and, in 1891,\nanother for the Maronites. He restored the College of St\nAthanasius for the Greeks and founded bursaries for the\nSyrians at the Urban College. His letter Orientalium dignitas\n(1894) guaranteed to the Eastern Churches their traditional\nprivileges. A Motu proprio (1895) recommended the apostolic\ndelegates to treat the patriarchs with all due deference, to\nhave at least two meetings a year with them and to take care\nto maintain good relations between the Latin missionaries and\nthe Oriental clergy. With this project still in mind, Leo XIII\nsuppressed in the East the title of prefect apostolic and re-\nplaced it by that of mission superior. Further, the Latin clergy\nwere allowed attach themselves to this or that oriental rite\nas occasion arose.\nBenedict XV brought this conciliatory policy to full fruition\nwhen, in 1917, he founded the Sacred Congregation of the\nEastern Church, thus granting autonomy to the special section\nfor the affairs of the Eastern Church which had been estab-\nlished by Pius IX in 1862 as part of the Sacred College of\nPropaganda.",
      "status": "completed"
    }
  ]
}