{ "book_metadata": { "book_name": "HISTORY OF THE MISSIONS", "book_author": "BERNARD DE VAULX", "publisher": "HAWTHORN BOOKS PUBLISHERS", "published_on": "2026" }, "chunks": [ { "chunk_index": 1, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 162 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00166-b538ac49fc799c676500.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Korea Entrusted to Paris Missions", "chunk_data": "CHAPTER XIII\nTHE KOREAN AND\nJAPANESE MISSIONS\nIt will be remembered that in 1827 Leo XII entrusted Korea to the Paris Foreign Missions, but so many gaps were made in their ranks by the Revolution and the Empire that the first party could not set out until 1832 and it was composed of only two priests, both volunteers, Frs Bruguière (with the title of vicar apostolic) and Maubant.", "time": { "start_year": 1827, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1832, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1827–1832" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XII", "Bruguière", "Maubant" ], "places": [ "Korea", "Paris" ], "event": "Leo XII entrusted Korea to the Paris Foreign Missions, whose first missionary party departed in 1832 with Bruguière and Maubant.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 2, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 162 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00166-b538ac49fc799c676500.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Maubant Crosses Korean Frontier", "chunk_data": "The former died on the way, near the Korean frontier. Maubant succeeded in crossing the latter, disguised as a mourner.", "time": { "start_year": 1832, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1832, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1832" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Bruguière", "Maubant" ], "places": [ "Korean frontier" ], "event": "Bruguière died near the Korean frontier, while Maubant crossed into Korea disguised as a mourner.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 3, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 162 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00166-b538ac49fc799c676500.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionaries Reach Seoul", "chunk_data": "At the beginning of 1836 he arrived in Seoul where an eminent convert gave him hiding. Another volunteer, Fr Chastan, joined him and later in 1838, the new vicar apostolic, Mgr Imbert.", "time": { "start_year": 1836, "start_month": 1, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1838, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1836–1838" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Maubant", "Chastan", "Imbert" ], "places": [ "Seoul" ], "event": "Maubant reached Seoul in early 1836, received shelter from a convert, and was joined by Chastan and later by Imbert.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 4, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 162 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00166-b538ac49fc799c676500.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Imbert Gives Himself Up", "chunk_data": "In the following year, a maladroit convert fell into a trap and revealed the hiding-place of the bishop who gave himself up so as not to expose his hosts to legal proceedings.", "time": { "start_year": 1839, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1839" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Imbert" ], "places": [ "Korea" ], "event": "A convert revealed Imbert's hiding place, and Imbert surrendered to protect his hosts from legal proceedings.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Persecution" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 5, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 162 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00166-b538ac49fc799c676500.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Chastan and Maubant Resist", "chunk_data": "Frs Chastan and Maubant could not be found in spite of the tortures inflicted on the Christians in order to persuade them to denounce them.", "time": { "start_year": 1839, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1839" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Chastan", "Maubant" ], "places": [ "Korea" ], "event": "Chastan and Maubant remained hidden despite tortures inflicted on Korean Christians to force their denunciation.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Persecution" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 6, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 162 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00166-b538ac49fc799c676500.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Imbert Orders Missionaries’ Surrender", "chunk_data": "Mgr Imbert then began to experience scruples. Believing that if his missionaries as well as he himself were sacrificed, the persecution would cease, he wrote to tell them to give themselves up as befitted \"the good shepherd on behalf of his sheep\". He was immediately obeyed.", "time": { "start_year": 1839, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1839" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Imbert", "Chastan", "Maubant" ], "places": [ "Korea" ], "event": "Imbert concluded that surrender and sacrifice might end the persecution, instructed Chastan and Maubant to surrender, and was obeyed.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Persecution" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 7, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 162 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00166-b538ac49fc799c676500.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Korean Missionaries Martyred", "chunk_data": "His hopes were not realized. On September 21st, the first three missionaries to Korea were beheaded after suffering terrible tortures.", "time": { "start_year": 1839, "start_month": 9, "start_date": 21, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": 9, "end_date": 21, "time_display": "September 21, 1839" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Imbert", "Chastan", "Maubant" ], "places": [ "Korea" ], "event": "Imbert, Chastan, and Maubant were beheaded after terrible tortures.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Martyrdom", "Persecution" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 8, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 162, 163 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00166-b538ac49fc799c676500.webp", "raw\\pages\\00167-3fe42c62c91a389685ff.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Korea Receives New Missionaries", "chunk_data": "Once again, the Church of Korea was without priests. Three came to its aid in 1845. Two were French, Mgr Ferréol and Fr Daveluy, and one a Korean, Andrew Kim, who had acted as their guide in the midst of the gravest dangers.", "time": { "start_year": 1845, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1845, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1845" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Ferréol", "Daveluy", "Andrew Kim" ], "places": [ "Korea" ], "event": "Three missionaries came to aid the priestless Church of Korea: Ferréol, Daveluy, and the Korean guide Andrew Kim.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 9, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 163 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00167-3fe42c62c91a389685ff.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Andrew Kim Is Martyred", "chunk_data": "He was martyred on September 16th, 1846.", "time": { "start_year": 1846, "start_month": 9, "start_date": 16, "end_year": 1846, "end_month": 9, "end_date": 16, "time_display": "September 16, 1846" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Andrew Kim" ], "places": [ "Korea" ], "event": "Andrew Kim was martyred.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Martyrdom" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 10, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 163 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00167-3fe42c62c91a389685ff.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Korean Persecution Intensifies", "chunk_data": "A slight easing of the situation gradually followed and lasted for some ten years. Then the interventions of Europe in the Far East caused a serious reversal. The party opposed to all contact with the West won the day and a violent persecution once again broke out. Two vicars apostolic and seven French priests were martyred and eight thousand Christians perished. The three missionaries who had escaped the massacres were obliged to move into China.", "time": { "start_year": 1847, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1866, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "c. 1847–1866" }, "meta": { "people": [ "French priests", "Korean Christians" ], "places": [ "Korea", "China", "Far East" ], "event": "After a decade of relative easing, anti-Western forces renewed persecution; missionaries and thousands of Christians were killed, forcing three surviving missionaries into China.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Persecution", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 11, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 163 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00167-3fe42c62c91a389685ff.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionary Ministry Resumes in Korea", "chunk_data": "One of these fugitives had been appointed vicar apostolic. He did not wait for more peaceful times before exercising his ministry (1876). Two other missionaries succeeded in joining him, but, in 1878, he was imprisoned with one of his priests.", "time": { "start_year": 1876, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1878, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1876–1878" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Unnamed vicar apostolic", "Unnamed priest", "Two missionaries" ], "places": [ "Korea" ], "event": "A fugitive vicar apostolic resumed ministry in Korea in 1876, was joined by two missionaries, and was imprisoned with one priest in 1878.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Persecution" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 12, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 163 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00167-3fe42c62c91a389685ff.webp" ], "chunk_title": "French Treaty Secures Religious Freedom", "chunk_data": "They would probably have suffered the same fate as their predecessors had not the French Government intervened. It was only in 1886 that a treaty, negotiated by the French representative, obtained from Seoul freedom to profess their religion for those under French jurisdiction.", "time": { "start_year": 1878, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1886, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1878–1886" }, "meta": { "people": [ "French Government", "French representative", "Missionaries" ], "places": [ "Seoul", "Korea" ], "event": "French intervention prevented further punishment, and an 1886 treaty secured religious freedom under French jurisdiction.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 13, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 163 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00167-3fe42c62c91a389685ff.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Japan Added to Missionary Plans", "chunk_data": "When the Korean vicariate was established in 1831, Propaganda asked the Paris Foreign Missions to undertake the evangelization of Japan at the same time. It was the expression of a wish and not an order.", "time": { "start_year": 1831, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1831, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1831" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Propaganda" ], "places": [ "Korea", "Japan", "Paris" ], "event": "When the Korean vicariate was established, Propaganda requested that the Paris Foreign Missions also evangelize Japan.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 14, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 163 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00167-3fe42c62c91a389685ff.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionaries Prepare for Japan", "chunk_data": "Japan had not withdrawn the edict closing her gates against all foreign influence. While waiting for them to reopen, the missionaries could do nothing except hold themselves in readiness, devote themselves to prayer and the study of the Japanese language.", "time": { "start_year": 1831, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1831, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "c. 1831" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Missionaries" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "Because Japan's gates remained closed to foreign influence, missionaries prepared through prayer and study of Japanese.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 15, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 163 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00167-3fe42c62c91a389685ff.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Fourcade Begins Work at Nara", "chunk_data": "In 1848, Fr Fourcade settled at Nara, the capital of the chief island of the Riu-Kiu group situated between China and Japan. In 1850, Propaganda appointed him vicar apostolic, and a missionary from the Society came to join him. Two years later, they had baptized two converts.", "time": { "start_year": 1848, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1852, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1848–1852" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fourcade", "Propaganda", "Missionary from the Society" ], "places": [ "Nara", "Riu-Kiu", "China", "Japan" ], "event": "Fourcade settled at Nara, became vicar apostolic, was joined by another missionary, and baptized two converts.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 16, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 163, 164 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00167-3fe42c62c91a389685ff.webp", "raw\\pages\\00168-8ad7334b740dab76cedf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Japan Opens Ports to France", "chunk_data": "Yet, after 1851, Japan, like China, had signed treaties on the model of that of Whampou, with a series of countries, the United States, England, Holland and Russia. France also obtained permission for her nationals to enter the ports of Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki, Hakodate and Niigata as well as the towns of Yedo and Osaka.", "time": { "start_year": 1851, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1851–1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "French nationals" ], "places": [ "Japan", "China", "United States", "England", "Holland", "Russia", "Yokohama", "Kobe", "Nagasaki", "Hakodate", "Niigata", "Yedo", "Osaka" ], "event": "Japan signed foreign treaties and France secured access for its nationals to major Japanese ports and cities.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Missions", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 17, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 164 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00168-8ad7334b740dab76cedf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The Secret Church Reemerges", "chunk_data": "The missionaries arrived in 1859. One of them, Fr Petitjean, built a church at Nagasaki on the Oura hill and dedicated it to the twenty-six martyrs of 1597. We may imagine his deep emotion when, on March 17th, 1865, he found himself in the presence of a group of some twelve Christians descended from the converts of the sixteenth century.", "time": { "start_year": 1859, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1865, "end_month": 3, "end_date": 17, "time_display": "1859–March 17, 1865" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Petitjean", "Twenty-six martyrs", "Japanese Christians" ], "places": [ "Nagasaki", "Oura hill", "Japan" ], "event": "Missionaries arrived in Japan, Petitjean built a church at Nagasaki, and in 1865 encountered descendants of sixteenth-century converts.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Martyrdom" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 18, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 164 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00168-8ad7334b740dab76cedf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Japan’s Hidden Christians Survive", "chunk_data": "They were the vanguard of the secret Church of Japan, which had been miraculously kept in being by the fervour of the catechists who, from generation to generation, had handed on the essential prayers and the formula for baptism. It numbered about ten thousand Christians.", "time": { "start_year": 1597, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1865, "end_month": 3, "end_date": 17, "time_display": "1597–March 17, 1865" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Japanese catechists", "Japanese Christians" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "The secret Church of Japan survived through generations of catechists and numbered about ten thousand Christians.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 19, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 164 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00168-8ad7334b740dab76cedf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Japan Renews Christian Persecution", "chunk_data": "When the Government heard of its existence, it once more put into operation (1868) the edicts proscribing Christianity. Everything was tried, imprisonment, deportation, threats and promises, in order to transform these exemplary Christians into apostates. Two thousand of them died.", "time": { "start_year": 1868, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1868, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1868" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Japanese Government", "Japanese Christians" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "The Japanese Government renewed anti-Christian edicts and subjected Christians to imprisonment, deportation, threats, and coercion; two thousand died.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Persecution", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 20, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 164 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00168-8ad7334b740dab76cedf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Japan Withdraws Anti-Christian Edicts", "chunk_data": "In 1875, the intervention of Western diplomats brought about the withdrawal of the edicts. By the end of this same year, the Christian body numbered 15,000 converts, evangelized by twenty-nine missionaries. It had therefore been increased by half during the persecutions.", "time": { "start_year": 1875, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1875, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1875" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Western diplomats", "Japanese Christians", "Twenty-nine missionaries" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "Western diplomatic intervention led Japan to withdraw its anti-Christian edicts; the Christian community reached fifteen thousand converts.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 21, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 164 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00168-8ad7334b740dab76cedf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Japanese Vicariates Established", "chunk_data": "The new spirit of toleration allowed the young Church to be openly organized. In 1876, the Holy See established two vicariates, Tokyo and Nagasaki. Churches were built.", "time": { "start_year": 1876, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1876, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1876" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Holy See" ], "places": [ "Tokyo", "Nagasaki", "Japan" ], "event": "Religious toleration enabled the open organization of the Japanese Church, including vicariates at Tokyo and Nagasaki and the construction of churches.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 22, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 164 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00168-8ad7334b740dab76cedf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Japan Separates State and Religions", "chunk_data": "Japan, eager for scientific knowledge and material progress, and strongly inclined also towards secularism, followed in the footsteps of the West more boldly than did China, to the extent of promulgating a law in 1884 separating the Japanese State from the two traditional religions, Shintoism and Buddhism. Henceforward, Catholicism, hitherto only tolerated, was in possession of its freedom.", "time": { "start_year": 1884, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1884, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1884" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Japanese government" ], "places": [ "Japan", "China" ], "event": "Japan enacted a law separating the state from Shintoism and Buddhism, thereby granting Catholicism freedom rather than mere toleration.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Religion", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 23, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 164, 165 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00168-8ad7334b740dab76cedf.webp", "raw\\pages\\00169-31a96a5772213e0ba3bc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Catholic Education Expands", "chunk_data": "The missionaries were able to organize an educational system. After 1887 Marianists made available the wealth of Western culture in three establishments: the \"Morning Star\" at Tokyo, the \"Star of the Sea\" at Nagasaki, \"The Bright Star\" at Osaka.", "time": { "start_year": 1887, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1887, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1887" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Missionaries", "Marianists" ], "places": [ "Tokyo", "Nagasaki", "Osaka", "Japan" ], "event": "Missionaries organized Catholic education, and Marianists established three institutions offering Western culture.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 24, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 165 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00169-31a96a5772213e0ba3bc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Religious Women Establish Schools", "chunk_data": "Institutes of religious women arrived: the Dames de Saint-Maur, the Sisters of Chauffailles and Saint-Paul of Chartres.", "time": { "start_year": 1887, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1887, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "After 1887" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Dames de Saint-Maur", "Sisters of Chauffailles", "Saint-Paul of Chartres" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "Several institutes of religious women arrived to support Catholic activity in Japan.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 25, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 165 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00169-31a96a5772213e0ba3bc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jesuits Establish Tokyo University", "chunk_data": "In 1919, the Jesuits established at Tokyo their \"High School of Wisdom\" with its three departments—Letters, Philosophy, Advanced Commercial Studies. At the same time, the Dames de Saint-Maur organized secondary schools open to all young people.", "time": { "start_year": 1919, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1919, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1919" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Jesuits", "Dames de Saint-Maur" ], "places": [ "Tokyo", "Japan" ], "event": "The Jesuits founded the High School of Wisdom in Tokyo, while the Dames de Saint-Maur organized open secondary schools.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 26, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 165 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00169-31a96a5772213e0ba3bc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "International Missionary Cooperation", "chunk_data": "In missionary work properly so called, the Paris Foreign Missions were helped by Spanish Dominicans, German and Spanish Jesuits, Franciscans, Fathers of the Divine Word and Salesians from Italy. Already before the 1914 War, this influx, so international in character, showed the Church under her true, universal aspect.", "time": { "start_year": 1914, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1914, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Before 1914" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Paris Foreign Missions", "Spanish Dominicans", "German Jesuits", "Spanish Jesuits", "Franciscans", "Fathers of the Divine Word", "Italian Salesians" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "International religious orders joined the Paris Foreign Missions, revealing the universal character of the Church before the First World War.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "International" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 27, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 165 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00169-31a96a5772213e0ba3bc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "American Missionaries Join Japan", "chunk_data": "This mark of universality became still more evident after the arrival of American missionaries and contemplative orders of both men and women.", "time": { "start_year": 1914, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": null, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "After 1914" }, "meta": { "people": [ "American missionaries", "Contemplative orders" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "American missionaries and contemplative religious orders further broadened the international character of the Japanese Church.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "International" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 28, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 165 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00169-31a96a5772213e0ba3bc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Leo XIII Establishes Hierarchy", "chunk_data": "The liberty granted in 1884 determined Leo XIII to write a letter in his own hand to the emperor in 1885. It was handed to the latter by Mgr Ozouf. The pope also decided to establish the hierarchy (1891). Tokyo was raised to the status of an archbishopric with three suffragan sees at Nagasaki, Osaka and Hakodate.", "time": { "start_year": 1884, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1891, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1884–1891" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII", "Japanese emperor", "Ozouf" ], "places": [ "Tokyo", "Nagasaki", "Osaka", "Hakodate", "Japan" ], "event": "Leo XIII corresponded with the Japanese emperor and established the Catholic hierarchy, raising Tokyo to an archbishopric.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 29, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 165 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00169-31a96a5772213e0ba3bc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Catholic Growth Remains Slow", "chunk_data": "In spite of all this, the progress of Catholicism remained slow. In 1891, there were 45,000 Catholics and this figure had not yet doubled by 1914.", "time": { "start_year": 1891, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1914, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1891–1914" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Japanese Catholics" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "Despite institutional growth, Japanese Catholicism expanded slowly, numbering forty-five thousand Catholics in 1891 and fewer than ninety thousand by 1914.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Demographics", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 30, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 165 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00169-31a96a5772213e0ba3bc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "State Shinto Challenges Catholicism", "chunk_data": "The fact is that the separation of the State from the traditional religions had not prevented the birth of a pragmatic form of Shintoism based on loyalty to the imperial family and an unconditional devotion to the motherland. This creed was influential enough to make men believe that its requirements and Catholicism were incompatible.", "time": { "start_year": 1884, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1914, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1884–1914" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Japanese imperial family", "Japanese people" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "A pragmatic, nationalistic form of Shintoism developed and led many to regard its demands as incompatible with Catholicism.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Japan" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 31, "chapter_name": "The Korean and Japanese Missions", "page_numbers": [ 165 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00169-31a96a5772213e0ba3bc.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Japanese Converts Embrace Catholicism", "chunk_data": "Yet, those persons who were able to override this specious objection generally became ardent converts. Japan is not the country for half-measures. Those of her people who have assimilated the words of Christ are capable of scaling by leaps and bounds the heights of spirituality.", "time": { "start_year": 1884, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1914, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 19th–early 20th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Japanese converts" ], "places": [ "Japan" ], "event": "Japanese people who overcame objections to Catholicism often became fervent converts and pursued intense spiritual development.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Conversion", "Japan" ] } } ] }