{"pages":{"166":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00170-ec07e621dbaff2e177d4.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"CHAPTER XIV","box":{"x":228,"y":170,"width":241,"height":17}},{"text":"THE AMERICAN MISSIONS","box":{"x":95,"y":230,"width":510,"height":31}},{"text":"THE UNITED STATES","box":{"x":241,"y":313,"width":216,"height":18}},{"text":"By the beginning of the nineteenth century, paganism had","box":{"x":75,"y":343,"width":543,"height":23}},{"text":"disappeared-officially at least from America, since the","box":{"x":73,"y":366,"width":545,"height":23}},{"text":"Indians and the Negro slaves had either been baptized, as in","box":{"x":77,"y":390,"width":541,"height":23}},{"text":"the territories dependent on Spain and Portugal, or entered in","box":{"x":77,"y":414,"width":541,"height":22}},{"text":"the registers of the Protestant ministers in those countries","box":{"x":77,"y":437,"width":541,"height":23}},{"text":"which had, or still were, possessions of the English Crown.","box":{"x":75,"y":460,"width":540,"height":24}},{"text":"In actual fact, a very large number of them, for lack of in-","box":{"x":78,"y":484,"width":539,"height":22}},{"text":"struction, practised a crude syncretism, a mixture of Indian","box":{"x":77,"y":508,"width":540,"height":23}},{"text":"or African cults and a form of Christianity reduced to a few","box":{"x":76,"y":531,"width":541,"height":22}},{"text":"devotions in honour of the saints in the calendar. And again,","box":{"x":75,"y":555,"width":542,"height":20}},{"text":"from Mackenzie to Tierra del Fuego, there were still tribes","box":{"x":77,"y":579,"width":540,"height":21}},{"text":"living in a savage state, pushed further and further back by","box":{"x":77,"y":602,"width":541,"height":23}},{"text":"the brute force of European immigration, yet preparing them-","box":{"x":76,"y":626,"width":539,"height":22}},{"text":"selves to defend their soil with the energy of despair. The","box":{"x":79,"y":649,"width":537,"height":22}},{"text":"missionaries (there were Protestants among them, such as","box":{"x":76,"y":672,"width":540,"height":23}},{"text":"Roger William) had often stood up in their defence during","box":{"x":74,"y":696,"width":542,"height":22}},{"text":"the previous centuries and they were to continue to do so in","box":{"x":74,"y":719,"width":542,"height":22}},{"text":"the nineteenth.","box":{"x":74,"y":743,"width":126,"height":19}},{"text":"The evangelization of the North American Indians originated","box":{"x":94,"y":766,"width":521,"height":22}},{"text":"in the old Catholic centres established in the colonies with a","box":{"x":75,"y":789,"width":541,"height":21}},{"text":"European population: Maryland, Louisiana and Canada. Help","box":{"x":69,"y":813,"width":545,"height":24}},{"text":"in the work came from religious, both men and women, who","box":{"x":74,"y":837,"width":539,"height":22}},{"text":"had been dispersed by the Revolution and the wars of the","box":{"x":72,"y":860,"width":542,"height":22}},{"text":"Empire. They sought refuge in the United States, especially","box":{"x":69,"y":883,"width":545,"height":24}},{"text":"in Maryland, where the Toleration Act of 1649 had given","box":{"x":74,"y":907,"width":540,"height":22}},{"text":"Catholicism the right of entry. One of the first to arrive in","box":{"x":69,"y":931,"width":545,"height":22}}]},"172":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00176-f571d2a8f0935c767247.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"172","box":{"x":70,"y":73,"width":35,"height":13}},{"text":"THE AMERICAN MISSIONS","box":{"x":246,"y":73,"width":197,"height":15}},{"text":"SOUTH AMERICA AND THE WEST INDIES","box":{"x":122,"y":114,"width":446,"height":19}},{"text":"In Mexico and South America, the history of the Missions","box":{"x":91,"y":144,"width":525,"height":24}},{"text":"in the nineteenth century is divided into two sections. The","box":{"x":72,"y":167,"width":546,"height":25}},{"text":"first, contemporary with the wars of independence which were","box":{"x":71,"y":191,"width":548,"height":26}},{"text":"to give birth to the South American Republics and put an","box":{"x":72,"y":215,"width":546,"height":24}},{"text":"end to the system of patronato, was marked by great upheavals","box":{"x":70,"y":238,"width":547,"height":25}},{"text":"and severe trials. Subsequently, new missions were set up on","box":{"x":70,"y":264,"width":549,"height":23}},{"text":"the basis of concordats concluded between the Holy See and","box":{"x":71,"y":287,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"the new States.","box":{"x":72,"y":313,"width":129,"height":18}},{"text":"Officially, the missions to the Indians had disappeared in","box":{"x":90,"y":334,"width":529,"height":25}},{"text":"Bolivia in 1815, in Chile in 1817, in Ecuador and Peru in","box":{"x":71,"y":358,"width":547,"height":21}},{"text":"1824 and in Mexico in 1833-4. But they had left behind a","box":{"x":72,"y":382,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"whole mass of foundations which still arouse the admiration","box":{"x":70,"y":406,"width":547,"height":21}},{"text":"of tourists today. And they could also take pride in the fact","box":{"x":72,"y":430,"width":545,"height":24}},{"text":"that they had improved the standard of living of the tribes","box":{"x":72,"y":453,"width":545,"height":25}},{"text":"by acclimatizing food-producing crops and domesticated","box":{"x":72,"y":477,"width":547,"height":25}},{"text":"animals from the old world.","box":{"x":73,"y":502,"width":243,"height":21}},{"text":"Nor were the missions entirely abandoned. If the apostolate","box":{"x":90,"y":525,"width":528,"height":23}},{"text":"to the Indians was able to continue for a time, the credit was","box":{"x":74,"y":549,"width":543,"height":21}},{"text":"due to the Franciscans, Capuchins, Dominicans and Augus-","box":{"x":70,"y":573,"width":548,"height":24}},{"text":"tinians who stayed on the spot, and to the Missionary colleges","box":{"x":73,"y":597,"width":544,"height":23}},{"text":"of the Propagation of the Faith, founded in 1686, and re-","box":{"x":71,"y":621,"width":546,"height":23}},{"text":"organized in 1797. In them, masters of proved worth trained","box":{"x":73,"y":644,"width":546,"height":23}},{"text":"a missionary élite in an atmosphere of deep spirituality and","box":{"x":74,"y":668,"width":545,"height":24}},{"text":"did not neglect the study of the native languages.","box":{"x":72,"y":693,"width":434,"height":22}},{"text":"In this transitory period, while nothing took the place","box":{"x":94,"y":716,"width":524,"height":22}},{"text":"officially of the missions of the patronato, certain religious dis-","box":{"x":72,"y":740,"width":546,"height":23}},{"text":"tinguished themselves. An example is the Franciscan Andrew","box":{"x":72,"y":763,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"Herrero. In 1835, after launching an appeal to the whole Order","box":{"x":70,"y":788,"width":549,"height":22}},{"text":"of St Francis, he brought to Bolivia twelve Italian Franciscans.","box":{"x":73,"y":812,"width":547,"height":20}},{"text":"He returned a little later with eighty-three missionaries who","box":{"x":70,"y":836,"width":548,"height":21}},{"text":"established colleges and restored mission work among the","box":{"x":72,"y":859,"width":546,"height":23}},{"text":"Indians in Peru, Chile and Bolivia. But they were not numer-","box":{"x":72,"y":883,"width":546,"height":21}},{"text":"ous enough to keep the missions in being and quite soon they","box":{"x":72,"y":907,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"found themselves obliged to confine their ministry to the","box":{"x":72,"y":931,"width":547,"height":22}}]},"173":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00177-75158a61af47c4e2213a.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"THE AMERICAN MISSIONS","box":{"x":247,"y":73,"width":200,"height":14}},{"text":"173","box":{"x":587,"y":73,"width":34,"height":13}},{"text":"established Christian communities. In 1842, Colombia","box":{"x":71,"y":98,"width":548,"height":21}},{"text":"appealed for Jesuits, but expelled them eight years later. The","box":{"x":71,"y":123,"width":549,"height":25}},{"text":"Dominicans returned to Peru as did a few Jesuits to Paraguay.","box":{"x":67,"y":146,"width":552,"height":24}},{"text":"The place which South America acquired in the missionary","box":{"x":70,"y":169,"width":549,"height":24}},{"text":"movement owed its importance, towards the middle of the","box":{"x":70,"y":194,"width":549,"height":23}},{"text":"century, to the fact that the Far East continued to be closed","box":{"x":71,"y":218,"width":549,"height":21}},{"text":"and the harbours on the Pacific coasts were ports of call for","box":{"x":70,"y":241,"width":550,"height":24}},{"text":"the increasingly large numbers of missionaries on their way","box":{"x":69,"y":265,"width":549,"height":24}},{"text":"to Oceania.","box":{"x":72,"y":290,"width":101,"height":16}},{"text":"On the debit side must be placed the political instability","box":{"x":90,"y":314,"width":529,"height":24}},{"text":"of the new States, the continual threat represented by their","box":{"x":69,"y":337,"width":550,"height":23}},{"text":"anti-clericalism and the uncertain status of the missions and","box":{"x":71,"y":362,"width":547,"height":19}},{"text":"the missionaries, who were without an organization to replace","box":{"x":69,"y":385,"width":549,"height":23}},{"text":"the patronato system.","box":{"x":71,"y":410,"width":189,"height":20}},{"text":"Both Pius VIII and Gregory XVI had wished to avoid","box":{"x":89,"y":433,"width":530,"height":21}},{"text":"humiliating these young republics, full of the memories of the","box":{"x":69,"y":457,"width":549,"height":22}},{"text":"foundations made under the old monarchies, by imposing on","box":{"x":71,"y":481,"width":547,"height":22}},{"text":"them a missionary code. Gradually, concordats came into","box":{"x":70,"y":505,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"operation under Pius IX. There was a paragraph guaranteeing","box":{"x":69,"y":527,"width":550,"height":24}},{"text":"State financial aid for the evangelization of the Indians which,","box":{"x":71,"y":551,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"as such, was to be organized by Propaganda. It was on this","box":{"x":70,"y":575,"width":548,"height":21}},{"text":"basis and with varying fortunes that the apostolate to the","box":{"x":69,"y":598,"width":549,"height":23}},{"text":"Indians recommenced. And the Indians themselves had not","box":{"x":71,"y":622,"width":547,"height":21}},{"text":"fallen victims to former massacres in any great numbers, since","box":{"x":72,"y":647,"width":546,"height":20}},{"text":"today their descendants represent more than half the popula-","box":{"x":71,"y":670,"width":546,"height":23}},{"text":"tion of Ecuador, Central America and Bolivia (where they","box":{"x":71,"y":693,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"number 60 per cent).","box":{"x":71,"y":718,"width":184,"height":21}},{"text":"In 1847, at the request of the Government of Chile, Pius IX","box":{"x":92,"y":740,"width":526,"height":22}},{"text":"sent twelve Italian Capuchins to evangelize the Indians of","box":{"x":73,"y":763,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"Arauco. These missionaries were followed by Capuchins from","box":{"x":67,"y":787,"width":552,"height":23}},{"text":"Bavaria. The mission is in a flourishing state today. During","box":{"x":70,"y":810,"width":550,"height":23}},{"text":"the same pontificate, in 1855 and 1856, two parties of Fran-","box":{"x":71,"y":834,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"ciscans arrived from Italy to undertake the same work among","box":{"x":72,"y":858,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"the Indians of the Argentine.","box":{"x":70,"y":883,"width":256,"height":20}},{"text":"In the West Indies, after the vicariates of Guadeloupe and","box":{"x":89,"y":905,"width":530,"height":22}},{"text":"Martinique had been attached as suffragan sees to the","box":{"x":69,"y":929,"width":550,"height":23}}]},"174":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00178-6d83f04a0e72b7f3eae1.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"174","box":{"x":71,"y":73,"width":34,"height":14}},{"text":"THE AMERICAN MISSIONS","box":{"x":246,"y":72,"width":198,"height":14}},{"text":"Bordeaux diocese, and those of the Windward Islands to the","box":{"x":68,"y":98,"width":550,"height":23}},{"text":"diocese of Port of Spain (Trinidad), only the Caribbean Sea","box":{"x":68,"y":121,"width":550,"height":23}},{"text":"mission depended on Propaganda, which entrusted British","box":{"x":70,"y":146,"width":548,"height":24}},{"text":"Guiana to the English Jesuits, and the missions in those areas","box":{"x":69,"y":168,"width":549,"height":24}},{"text":"of Guiana and the West Indies under Dutch administration","box":{"x":72,"y":193,"width":547,"height":21}},{"text":"to Dutch Redemptorists and Dominicans.","box":{"x":68,"y":218,"width":365,"height":21}},{"text":"In Brazil, after 1860, the Franciscans evangelized the Indians","box":{"x":90,"y":240,"width":529,"height":24}},{"text":"of the interior, the Capuchins those on the coast, and the","box":{"x":72,"y":265,"width":546,"height":24}},{"text":"Dominicans those of Upper Araguay from 1880 onward. The","box":{"x":68,"y":289,"width":550,"height":24}},{"text":"revolution of 1889 restored their freedom to the religious Orders","box":{"x":74,"y":313,"width":542,"height":21}},{"text":"and some of Don Bosco's Salesians arrived in Matto Grosso","box":{"x":73,"y":335,"width":544,"height":22}},{"text":"in 1890 (in 1910, they were to settle on the Rio Negro), Holy","box":{"x":74,"y":361,"width":543,"height":23}},{"text":"Ghost Fathers at Teffe in Amazonia (1897), Fathers of the","box":{"x":70,"y":384,"width":548,"height":23}},{"text":"Divine Word among the Coroados Indians and the Botokudi,","box":{"x":70,"y":408,"width":549,"height":22}},{"text":"German Franciscans (1903) at Santarem among the Mun-","box":{"x":69,"y":431,"width":548,"height":24}},{"text":"durucu, Italian Capuchins among the Indians of Parana and","box":{"x":71,"y":455,"width":547,"height":25}},{"text":"São Paolo, Belgian Benedictines on the Rio Branco, and in","box":{"x":73,"y":479,"width":546,"height":24}},{"text":"1911, French Dominicans at Conceiçao on the Paraguay river.","box":{"x":73,"y":503,"width":544,"height":23}},{"text":"In Peru, three prefectures apostolic were founded in 1899:","box":{"x":92,"y":527,"width":525,"height":24}},{"text":"Saint-Leon of the Amazon, Ucayali, Urumbamba of the Mother","box":{"x":72,"y":550,"width":546,"height":24}},{"text":"of God. The first Augustinians arrived in 1900.","box":{"x":73,"y":575,"width":414,"height":23}},{"text":"Salesians arrived at the southern tip of South America in","box":{"x":94,"y":599,"width":525,"height":23}},{"text":"1879; Leo XIII sent them when the Argentine Government","box":{"x":75,"y":622,"width":543,"height":22}},{"text":"asked him for religious to instruct and pacify the Patagonians.","box":{"x":74,"y":646,"width":543,"height":24}},{"text":"They were very unwelcome at first but subsequently their","box":{"x":73,"y":670,"width":545,"height":25}},{"text":"success was sufficient to allow them to extend their work as","box":{"x":73,"y":694,"width":544,"height":21}},{"text":"far as Tierra del Fuego. It was in this group of islands, separ-","box":{"x":74,"y":718,"width":542,"height":23}},{"text":"ated from the mainland by the straits of Magellan, that Mgr","box":{"x":71,"y":742,"width":545,"height":22}},{"text":"Cagliero devoted himself with exemplary charity to the","box":{"x":70,"y":767,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"Fuegians whose race was well on the way to becoming extinct.","box":{"x":70,"y":789,"width":547,"height":24}},{"text":"At the end of the nineteenth century, the north and centre","box":{"x":87,"y":814,"width":530,"height":21}},{"text":"of Patagonia became a vicariate and Tierra del Fuego a pre-","box":{"x":69,"y":837,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"fecture apostolic. And what a thankless task the Salesians have","box":{"x":71,"y":861,"width":545,"height":22}},{"text":"undertaken in this region!","box":{"x":69,"y":885,"width":231,"height":22}},{"text":"Since by the end of the nineteenth century the political","box":{"x":91,"y":909,"width":525,"height":22}},{"text":"situation in Colombia had become stable, various institutes","box":{"x":71,"y":932,"width":544,"height":20}}]},"175":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00179-976af8d35d9e8cbcf759.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"THE AMERICAN MISSIONS","box":{"x":246,"y":74,"width":199,"height":13}},{"text":"175","box":{"x":587,"y":71,"width":36,"height":15}},{"text":"settled there: Augustinians and Recollects in 1890, de Mont-","box":{"x":71,"y":101,"width":550,"height":22}},{"text":"fort Fathers in 1903, Vincentians in 1905, Claretians in 1908,","box":{"x":71,"y":123,"width":547,"height":21}},{"text":"Carmelites and Jesuits (the latter had been expelled in 1850) in","box":{"x":68,"y":147,"width":551,"height":23}},{"text":"1918 and priests from the Burgos seminary in 1920. These","box":{"x":72,"y":172,"width":547,"height":22}},{"text":"apostles, most of them from Italy and Spain, were helped by","box":{"x":69,"y":195,"width":550,"height":22}},{"text":"priests trained in the seminary of the Foreign Missions at","box":{"x":70,"y":219,"width":550,"height":21}},{"text":"Yarumal (Colombia), which was founded in 1927. In 1928,","box":{"x":67,"y":242,"width":552,"height":21}},{"text":"the Colombian State granted an official status to the mission-","box":{"x":71,"y":266,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"aries, on condition that they civilized scattered and backward","box":{"x":71,"y":290,"width":548,"height":21}},{"text":"groups and made them fit to take their part in the life of the","box":{"x":66,"y":313,"width":553,"height":22}},{"text":"nation.","box":{"x":68,"y":337,"width":62,"height":16}}]}}}