{"pages":{"30":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00034-752cae3083de838415c3.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"CHAPTER III","box":{"x":231,"y":190,"width":228,"height":16}},{"text":"THE EVANGELIZATION OF","box":{"x":89,"y":252,"width":522,"height":30}},{"text":"THE BARBARIANS","box":{"x":174,"y":309,"width":350,"height":31}},{"text":"The invasions had brought about the collapse of the Roman","box":{"x":70,"y":396,"width":549,"height":22}},{"text":"Empire but had not disorganized the Church. The firm stand","box":{"x":69,"y":420,"width":551,"height":23}},{"text":"made by the bishops, including the bishop of Rome, as the","box":{"x":70,"y":443,"width":549,"height":22}},{"text":"sole defenders of peoples and cities against barbarian violence","box":{"x":72,"y":466,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"had, on the contrary, increased her prestige, and this is one of","box":{"x":70,"y":490,"width":551,"height":21}},{"text":"the good aspects of this chaotic time. But new problems faced","box":{"x":71,"y":512,"width":548,"height":23}},{"text":"her and of these the most urgent was to discover what political","box":{"x":70,"y":535,"width":549,"height":23}},{"text":"power was to succeed the Empire which had supported the","box":{"x":71,"y":559,"width":548,"height":23}},{"text":"Church since the days of Constantine.","box":{"x":69,"y":583,"width":333,"height":21}},{"text":"Apart from the cities between the Seine and the Loire, \"a","box":{"x":88,"y":607,"width":532,"height":20}},{"text":"pale reflection of the ruined Empire\", which remained under","box":{"x":69,"y":628,"width":550,"height":23}},{"text":"the control of Syagrius, the whole of the West was occupied","box":{"x":69,"y":652,"width":551,"height":22}},{"text":"by the barbarians, Italy by the Ostrogoths (until the arrival","box":{"x":68,"y":675,"width":550,"height":22}},{"text":"of the Lombards), the Rhône valley by the Burgundians, Spain","box":{"x":69,"y":698,"width":549,"height":22}},{"text":"by the Suevi soon to be joined by the Visigoths who already","box":{"x":69,"y":722,"width":551,"height":22}},{"text":"governed Aquitania with Toulouse as their capital. Alsace and","box":{"x":69,"y":744,"width":549,"height":22}},{"text":"Lorraine were in the hands of the Alemanni, Africa in those of","box":{"x":69,"y":768,"width":551,"height":20}},{"text":"the Vandals. Finally, the Franks, who had first settled in the","box":{"x":71,"y":792,"width":548,"height":20}},{"text":"Tournai region, had advanced as far as the Loire after Clovis'","box":{"x":68,"y":814,"width":547,"height":22}},{"text":"victory over Syagrius at Soissons.","box":{"x":69,"y":837,"width":293,"height":23}},{"text":"From the point of view of evangelization this barbarian","box":{"x":89,"y":862,"width":530,"height":21}},{"text":"world was divided into two groups. There were the totally","box":{"x":69,"y":884,"width":549,"height":23}},{"text":"pagan Franks, and the rest of the barbarians who for the most","box":{"x":70,"y":908,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"part had gone over to Arianism. On the one hand was a com-","box":{"x":70,"y":931,"width":546,"height":22}}]},"31":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00035-9b7a925710809bd29d75.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"THE EVANGELIZATION OF THE BARBARIANS","box":{"x":175,"y":74,"width":347,"height":13}},{"text":"31","box":{"x":598,"y":72,"width":23,"height":14}},{"text":"plete ignorance of the faith, on the other, a corrupted know-","box":{"x":71,"y":101,"width":549,"height":23}},{"text":"ledge which ruined its foundation since Christ's divine nature","box":{"x":74,"y":124,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"was denied.","box":{"x":71,"y":148,"width":102,"height":18}},{"text":"Which task would prove the more difficult? To begin again","box":{"x":89,"y":172,"width":531,"height":22}},{"text":"from the beginning or to rectify a knowledge which was only","box":{"x":71,"y":196,"width":548,"height":23}},{"text":"partial? To win the pagan from his gods or to bring the Arian","box":{"x":73,"y":220,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"to admit that he was distorting the image of Christ? Hesitation","box":{"x":73,"y":244,"width":545,"height":23}},{"text":"was understandable and it is easy to see why the Gallo-Roman","box":{"x":70,"y":267,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"episcopate, as far as the pagans were concerned, watched with","box":{"x":72,"y":292,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"such interest the young Frankish chief, an ambitious man who","box":{"x":72,"y":315,"width":545,"height":22}},{"text":"had grasped the fact that Christianity held a preponderant","box":{"x":71,"y":339,"width":547,"height":22}},{"text":"place in Gallic society and constituted a real force which it","box":{"x":70,"y":362,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"would be better to win over to one's side rather than to attack.","box":{"x":71,"y":386,"width":545,"height":18}},{"text":"It was in an atmosphere such as this and, on the whole, one","box":{"x":92,"y":410,"width":525,"height":22}},{"text":"not unfavourable to an understanding between Clovis and the","box":{"x":72,"y":433,"width":545,"height":21}},{"text":"bishops, that one of the latter, St Avitus, suggested to St Remi","box":{"x":70,"y":457,"width":545,"height":21}},{"text":"that the young chief should marry Clotilda, a Burgundian","box":{"x":72,"y":481,"width":545,"height":22}},{"text":"Catholic princess of exemplary piety. He hoped this might lead","box":{"x":69,"y":505,"width":547,"height":22}},{"text":"to Clovis' conversion. The marriage, celebrated in 493, did not","box":{"x":73,"y":527,"width":543,"height":22}},{"text":"at first change Clovis' inclinations. His first son died shortly","box":{"x":72,"y":551,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"after baptism. The second, who was also baptized, in his turn","box":{"x":71,"y":576,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"was at the point of death. Clotilda prayed that he might be","box":{"x":69,"y":600,"width":546,"height":21}},{"text":"cured. When Clovis saw that her prayer had been answered, he","box":{"x":70,"y":623,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"ceased to be hostile to the God of the Christians. He took the","box":{"x":72,"y":646,"width":544,"height":19}},{"text":"final step at Tolbiac in 496. It was like a story in a picture","box":{"x":71,"y":670,"width":544,"height":21}},{"text":"book. Seeing that victory was likely to escape him, Clovis","box":{"x":71,"y":693,"width":545,"height":22}},{"text":"promised to receive baptism if Clotilda's God should grant","box":{"x":68,"y":717,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"him success. His prayer was answered and the victorious chief","box":{"x":70,"y":740,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"was baptized at Rheims on Christmas Day, 496, together with","box":{"x":68,"y":763,"width":546,"height":23}},{"text":"three thousand of his soldiers.","box":{"x":70,"y":788,"width":263,"height":19}},{"text":"This event raised great hopes. St Avitus, bishop of Vienne,","box":{"x":89,"y":811,"width":525,"height":22}},{"text":"greeted it as the starting-point of a new era which would gather","box":{"x":68,"y":835,"width":547,"height":22}},{"text":"all the peoples of Gaul under Clovis' rule \"to the great advan-","box":{"x":69,"y":859,"width":545,"height":22}},{"text":"tage of the authority religion has to exercise\". In the southern","box":{"x":72,"y":883,"width":544,"height":22}},{"text":"areas where the Arian chiefs were persecuting the Church, the","box":{"x":70,"y":906,"width":544,"height":22}},{"text":"king of the Franks soon came to be considered as a liberator,","box":{"x":68,"y":930,"width":548,"height":23}}]},"35":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00039-f67818afae02b5536ef6.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"THE EVANGELIZATION OF THE BARBARIANS","box":{"x":173,"y":74,"width":347,"height":13}},{"text":"35","box":{"x":597,"y":72,"width":27,"height":14}},{"text":"barbarians and succeeded in containing them. He then fol-","box":{"x":70,"y":101,"width":548,"height":21}},{"text":"lowed the policy which St Remi and other bishops had found","box":{"x":71,"y":125,"width":547,"height":22}},{"text":"so successful and arranged a marriage between Agilulf, Duke","box":{"x":71,"y":148,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"of Turin, and Theodelinda, a Catholic princess whose spiritual","box":{"x":72,"y":172,"width":546,"height":23}},{"text":"director he was. Theodelinda did not become Italy's Clotilda,","box":{"x":69,"y":196,"width":549,"height":23}},{"text":"as he had hoped she would, but she did at least have her","box":{"x":71,"y":220,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"children baptized, and built churches, among them that of","box":{"x":71,"y":243,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"Monza where her memory is preserved. If St Columbanus","box":{"x":68,"y":269,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"(c. 530-615) was able towards the end of his life to found a","box":{"x":69,"y":291,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"monastery at Bobbio, it was because the surrounding regions","box":{"x":68,"y":316,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"had been christianized by this princess.","box":{"x":70,"y":339,"width":348,"height":22}},{"text":"In Gaul, Gregory (590-604), an indefatigable letter-writer,","box":{"x":88,"y":363,"width":529,"height":21}},{"text":"gave spiritual direction to Childebert II, son of Brunehaut,","box":{"x":69,"y":387,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"whom he recommended to support efforts to evangelize the","box":{"x":67,"y":410,"width":550,"height":22}},{"text":"countryside, and as we have just seen, he had given the full","box":{"x":70,"y":435,"width":547,"height":22}},{"text":"force of his own support to St Leander in Spain against the","box":{"x":71,"y":457,"width":544,"height":23}},{"text":"partisans of Arianism.","box":{"x":70,"y":482,"width":197,"height":21}},{"text":"England above all was the object of his apostolic zeal. After","box":{"x":86,"y":506,"width":531,"height":21}},{"text":"its entry into the framework of the Empire, the south of the","box":{"x":72,"y":530,"width":545,"height":21}},{"text":"island had had its missionaries. So well did they establish","box":{"x":71,"y":553,"width":544,"height":21}},{"text":"Christianity that the young Church of Britain could boast","box":{"x":70,"y":575,"width":545,"height":23}},{"text":"of its martyrs under Diocletian and of its three bishops at","box":{"x":70,"y":600,"width":545,"height":22}},{"text":"the Council of Arles in 314. The Saxon invasion of the fifth","box":{"x":69,"y":623,"width":546,"height":20}},{"text":"century had ravaged it but without disorganizing its hierarchy","box":{"x":70,"y":647,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"and its clergy or emptying its monasteries. But later the resent-","box":{"x":71,"y":671,"width":544,"height":23}},{"text":"ment felt by the invaded Britons against the invading Saxons","box":{"x":69,"y":694,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"remained for a long time so bitter that the former could not","box":{"x":72,"y":718,"width":544,"height":22}},{"text":"be asked, even when they were ordained priests, to share the","box":{"x":70,"y":741,"width":545,"height":23}},{"text":"work of evangelization of the latter.","box":{"x":68,"y":765,"width":318,"height":23}},{"text":"Gregory the Great therefore decided to send them a mission","box":{"x":88,"y":789,"width":528,"height":23}},{"text":"whose members he recruited from among the monks on the","box":{"x":67,"y":813,"width":548,"height":21}},{"text":"Coelian. Forty of them set out under the leadership of Augus-","box":{"x":68,"y":836,"width":547,"height":23}},{"text":"tine their prior. It was the largest apostolic expedition that had","box":{"x":70,"y":860,"width":546,"height":22}},{"text":"ever been undertaken. It immediately succeeded in converting","box":{"x":69,"y":882,"width":547,"height":24}},{"text":"king Ethelbert whose initiation into the new faith had been","box":{"x":70,"y":906,"width":548,"height":23}},{"text":"the work of the queen, Bertha, a Parisian and a woman of the","box":{"x":71,"y":930,"width":546,"height":23}}]},"36":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00040-14e459f7208493deabef.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"36","box":{"x":74,"y":73,"width":26,"height":13}},{"text":"THE EVANGELIZATION OF THE BARBARIANS","box":{"x":176,"y":77,"width":344,"height":12}},{"text":"same type as St Clotilda. Several monasteries were founded","box":{"x":74,"y":103,"width":547,"height":20}},{"text":"and Augustine became bishop of Canterbury.","box":{"x":74,"y":126,"width":392,"height":21}},{"text":"Gregory the Great had thought out bold methods of placing","box":{"x":90,"y":148,"width":529,"height":23}},{"text":"the new church on solid foundations. As he wrote to Melitus,","box":{"x":74,"y":173,"width":545,"height":21}},{"text":"the monk founder of the see of London:","box":{"x":73,"y":196,"width":353,"height":19}},{"text":"Tell Augustine that after giving much consideration to the","box":{"x":109,"y":229,"width":511,"height":19}},{"text":"affairs of the English, I have decided it would be unwise to","box":{"x":91,"y":250,"width":528,"height":20}},{"text":"destroy the temples. Destroy the idols only, then sprinkle the","box":{"x":89,"y":271,"width":530,"height":21}},{"text":"buildings with holy water, erect altars and put relics in them.","box":{"x":91,"y":293,"width":528,"height":21}},{"text":"If these temples are well built, they can be transferred from","box":{"x":92,"y":316,"width":527,"height":20}},{"text":"the worship of demons to that of the true God. Thus the nation,","box":{"x":91,"y":336,"width":529,"height":21}},{"text":"seeing that its sanctuaries are left standing, will abandon its","box":{"x":91,"y":359,"width":528,"height":20}},{"text":"errors and acknowledge and worship the Lord. People will find","box":{"x":90,"y":380,"width":529,"height":21}},{"text":"it easier to come to the places which they have previously","box":{"x":93,"y":401,"width":527,"height":22}},{"text":"frequented.","box":{"x":89,"y":424,"width":97,"height":17}},{"text":"[He uses the same tactics in regard to sacrifices:] Here again","box":{"x":109,"y":445,"width":510,"height":20}},{"text":"the previous custom must be transformed into the celebration","box":{"x":88,"y":467,"width":532,"height":20}},{"text":"of a Christian feast. Thus, on the day of the dedication, on the","box":{"x":92,"y":489,"width":527,"height":21}},{"text":"anniversary of the holy martyrs whose relics are venerated in","box":{"x":91,"y":511,"width":529,"height":22}},{"text":"the place, let the people put up their tents of leaves round the","box":{"x":89,"y":532,"width":530,"height":21}},{"text":"temples which have thus been transformed into churches and","box":{"x":90,"y":555,"width":529,"height":19}},{"text":"let them celebrate the feast with religious festivities. They are","box":{"x":92,"y":576,"width":527,"height":21}},{"text":"no longer to immolate animals to the devil but to kill them in","box":{"x":92,"y":597,"width":528,"height":20}},{"text":"God's honour and then eat them. And when they have had","box":{"x":86,"y":618,"width":534,"height":23}},{"text":"enough, let them give thanks to the author of all gifts.","box":{"x":90,"y":640,"width":461,"height":21}},{"text":"impossible to change barbarian minds completely. This is most","box":{"x":93,"y":662,"width":526,"height":23}},{"text":"certainly true, for the top of a mountain can indeed be reached","box":{"x":91,"y":683,"width":528,"height":22}},{"text":"but only step by step not by leaps and bounds. It was in this","box":{"x":89,"y":706,"width":528,"height":22}},{"text":"way that God made himself known to the people of Israel.","box":{"x":88,"y":728,"width":494,"height":22}},{"text":"It is","box":{"x":581,"y":646,"width":40,"height":14}},{"text":"Gregory the Great granted the pallium, the distinguishing","box":{"x":87,"y":762,"width":531,"height":24}},{"text":"mark of archbishops, to Augustine and announced that he had","box":{"x":69,"y":786,"width":548,"height":22}},{"text":"created two metropolitan sees, at Canterbury and at York.","box":{"x":70,"y":809,"width":547,"height":24}},{"text":"Each of these was to have twelve bishoprics under its direc-","box":{"x":67,"y":833,"width":550,"height":26}},{"text":"tion. Neither he himself (he died in 604) nor Augustine, who","box":{"x":70,"y":858,"width":546,"height":24}},{"text":"died shortly after, was granted the privilege of working out","box":{"x":69,"y":881,"width":547,"height":26}},{"text":"this great plan in practice, but they had opened the way.","box":{"x":71,"y":904,"width":502,"height":24}},{"text":"The Church of England met with many and considerable","box":{"x":90,"y":928,"width":528,"height":25}}]},"37":{"imagePath":"H:\\web_projects\\corpus-web\\electron-app\\data\\921e7f99953f555a4f26b1235b0554758ab4f962cb0db6f8874fb4d8fab3f862\\raw\\pages\\00041-683a7d6a570dbc05d95c.webp","width":692,"height":1024,"segments":[{"text":"THE EVANGELIZATION OF THE BARBARIANS","box":{"x":172,"y":70,"width":349,"height":15}},{"text":"37","box":{"x":597,"y":72,"width":26,"height":12}},{"text":"difficulties. Fierce rivalry existed between princes who had","box":{"x":69,"y":96,"width":551,"height":24}},{"text":"remained pagan gan and their converted neighbours. Hostility","box":{"x":72,"y":119,"width":549,"height":24}},{"text":"persisted between the Britons belonging to the earlier Christian","box":{"x":71,"y":141,"width":550,"height":23}},{"text":"communities and the Saxon invaders. It was only when another","box":{"x":69,"y":164,"width":551,"height":23}},{"text":"band of missionaries arrived (c. 657) under the leadership of","box":{"x":68,"y":185,"width":552,"height":24}},{"text":"Theodore of Tarsus that charity triumphed and both parties","box":{"x":69,"y":208,"width":550,"height":24}},{"text":"were persuaded to submit to Rome.","box":{"x":67,"y":231,"width":319,"height":20}},{"text":"The monasteries developed considerably. The most cele-","box":{"x":89,"y":255,"width":528,"height":22}},{"text":"brated were Croyland and Wearmouth. From this time forward","box":{"x":69,"y":277,"width":548,"height":21}},{"text":"it was possible to speak of a Church of Britain, the Church","box":{"x":72,"y":299,"width":544,"height":23}},{"text":"which harboured the life of prayer and work of St Bede the","box":{"x":66,"y":320,"width":551,"height":24}},{"text":"Venerable.","box":{"x":67,"y":344,"width":98,"height":17}}]}}}