{ "book_metadata": { "book_name": "HISTORY OF THE MISSIONS", "book_author": "BERNARD DE VAULX", "publisher": "HAWTHORN BOOKS PUBLISHERS", "published_on": "2026" }, "chunks": [ { "chunk_index": 1, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 154 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00158-808b4d9b19b0253a8226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Indian Missions Seek Help", "chunk_data": "CHAPTER XII THE INDIAN MISSIONS THE BULL MULTA PRAECLARE AND THE GOANESE SCHISM At the beginning of the nineteenth century the Indian missions appealed in vain for help. Neither the warning of the coadjutor of Goa, notifying the regent of Portugal that the secular priests of the diocese were by no means sufficient in number to minister to the spiritual needs of the Christians, nor the appeals made by the Government in 1819 and 1831, had persuaded a single secular or religious to set out for India.", "time": { "start_year": 1800, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1831, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Early 19th century, including 1819 and 1831" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Coadjutor of Goa", "Regent of Portugal" ], "places": [ "Goa", "India", "Portugal" ], "event": "The Indian missions unsuccessfully appealed for additional secular and religious personnel.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 2, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 154 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00158-808b4d9b19b0253a8226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Religious Congregations Suppressed", "chunk_data": "The future looked darker still when the mother country in 1855 suppressed the religious Congregations throughout the territory of the patronato without however renouncing any of the rights attached to the patronato itself.", "time": { "start_year": 1855, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1855, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1855" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Portuguese government" ], "places": [ "India", "Portugal" ], "event": "Portugal suppressed religious Congregations in the patronato territories while retaining its patronage rights.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 3, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 154 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00158-808b4d9b19b0253a8226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Shortage of Missionary Personnel", "chunk_data": "At this date there were still 248 religious in the whole of India, of whom some twenty were Portuguese. The others, the \"Goanese\", although not deserving the severe judgements of the Propaganda missionaries, were for the most part lacking in zeal and preferred to remain in Goan territory rather than to go out on the mission. The majority, with insufficient training, could not hope to give a good account of themselves in controversies with the Protestant ministers who, on the whole, were carefully chosen and increasingly numerous after the British conquest.", "time": { "start_year": 1855, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1855, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "c. 1855" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Goanese clergy", "Propaganda missionaries", "Protestant ministers" ], "places": [ "India", "Goa" ], "event": "India had few religious personnel, while many Goanese clergy remained in Goa and lacked adequate training.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 4, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 154 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00158-808b4d9b19b0253a8226.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Vacant Indian Sees", "chunk_data": "Further, the Portuguese patronato showed less and less willingness to honour its obligations. Goa had been without a bishop since 1831, Cranganore since 1777, Cochin since 1778, Mylapore since 1804. The Holy See began by begging Portugal to make appointments to the vacant sees or else to", "time": { "start_year": 1831, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1855, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1777–1855" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Holy See", "Portuguese government" ], "places": [ "Goa", "Cranganore", "Cochin", "Mylapore", "Portugal" ], "event": "Several Indian dioceses remained vacant as Portugal neglected its patronato obligations.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 5, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 154, 155 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00158-808b4d9b19b0253a8226.webp", "raw\\pages\\00159-87da2d5594ce0cc4d572.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Vicariates Apostolic Established", "chunk_data": "renounce her rights. Having received no reply, Gregory XVI established five vicariates apostolic between 1831 and 1834: Calcutta, Madras, Ceylon, Pondicherry and Madura. The bishops to be appointed would be withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the Portuguese ordinaries.", "time": { "start_year": 1831, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1834, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1831–1834" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Gregory XVI", "Portuguese ordinaries" ], "places": [ "Calcutta", "Madras", "Ceylon", "Pondicherry", "Madura" ], "event": "Gregory XVI created five apostolic vicariates outside Portuguese episcopal jurisdiction.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 6, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 155 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00159-87da2d5594ce0cc4d572.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Bull Multa Praeclare Issued", "chunk_data": "Justified though these appointments certainly were, they produced a situation pregnant with conflict, since the territories of the new dioceses continued to be within the sphere of the Padroado, which had not been abolished by any diplomatic instrument. In the meantime, Gregory XVI, with the advice of theologians and jurists, had put into final form the Bull Multa praeclare (1838) which confirmed the status of the vicariates, suppressed explicitly the four dioceses of Cranganore, Cochin, Mylapore and Malacca, handed over their territories to the vicars apostolic and limited Goa's jurisdiction to the Portuguese possessions in India.", "time": { "start_year": 1838, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1838, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1838" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Gregory XVI", "Theologians", "Jurists" ], "places": [ "Cranganore", "Cochin", "Mylapore", "Malacca", "Goa", "India" ], "event": "Gregory XVI finalized Multa praeclare, confirming the vicariates and restricting Portuguese jurisdiction.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 7, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 155 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00159-87da2d5594ce0cc4d572.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Roman Decision Provokes Portugal", "chunk_data": "As relations with Lisbon had been broken in 1833, the Roman decisions were completely unilateral. Neither the queen of Portugal nor the Padroado administration had been warned, except by the appeal of 1837, of the restrictions to their power which were now in force. Even the Bull Multa praeclare itself was not addressed to them.", "time": { "start_year": 1833, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1838, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1833–1838" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Gregory XVI", "Queen of Portugal", "Padroado administration" ], "places": [ "Lisbon", "Rome", "Portugal" ], "event": "Rome imposed the new ecclesiastical arrangement unilaterally after diplomatic relations with Lisbon broke down.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 8, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 155 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00159-87da2d5594ce0cc4d572.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Goanese Resistance Begins", "chunk_data": "Its publication was a bombshell. After the vicar apostolic of Goa, Carvalho, had questioned the Bull's authenticity and its obligatory nature, the Goanese clergy in the territories incorporated in the vicariates refused to take any notice of it, inveigled the faithful into rebellion and drove out the Jesuits from some of the parishes. This was the beginning of what has been called, with a certain amount of exaggeration, the \"Goanese schism\".", "time": { "start_year": 1838, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1838, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1838" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Carvalho", "Goanese clergy", "Jesuits" ], "places": [ "Goa", "India" ], "event": "Carvalho and Goanese clergy rejected Multa praeclare, incited resistance, and expelled Jesuits from some parishes.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 9, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 155 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00159-87da2d5594ce0cc4d572.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Resistance Declines After Carvalho", "chunk_data": "With a few rare exceptions, the resisters had no intention of denying the authority of Rome. In any case, once Carvalho was dead, the resistance decreased and some of the priests made their submission to the vicars apostolic. There was reasonable hope of peace all round, when the appointment of a new archbishop of Goa (vacant since 1831)", "time": { "start_year": 1838, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1841, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1838–1841" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Carvalho", "Goanese priests", "Vicars apostolic" ], "places": [ "Goa", "Rome" ], "event": "Goanese resistance weakened after Carvalho's death, and some priests submitted to the vicars apostolic.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 10, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 155, 156 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00159-87da2d5594ce0cc4d572.webp", "raw\\pages\\00160-94d7dd0795ddc03241c9.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Silva Torres Rekindles Quarrel", "chunk_data": "rekindled the quarrel. The queen, after the resumption of diplomatic relations in 1841, had presented her nominee, Mgr Silva Torres, to the Holy See which had accepted him. Gregory XVI handed two documents to the new archbishop. One was official and declared that no change had been introduced as regards the right of patronage. It had no difficulty in receiving the royal consent. The other, Nuncium ad te, was secret, and ordered Mgr Silva Torres under oath to obey the provisions of the Bull.", "time": { "start_year": 1841, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1841, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1841" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Queen of Portugal", "Silva Torres", "Gregory XVI" ], "places": [ "Goa", "Portugal", "Holy See" ], "event": "Portugal's nominee Silva Torres became archbishop of Goa and received conflicting public and secret instructions.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 11, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 156 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00160-94d7dd0795ddc03241c9.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Silva Torres Defies Vicars", "chunk_data": "On his arrival at Bombay, the warm welcome he received from the Catholics and the respectful behaviour of the English Governor doubtless went to his head, for he forgot the contents of the secret letter and conducted himself as though he were the ordinary of the place and this in spite of the protests of the vicars apostolic who quoted the Bull Multa praeclare against him. It was useless for Gregory XVI to remind him of the circumstances surrounding his appointment, he persisted in his disobedience and took with him almost all the Goanese clergy.", "time": { "start_year": 1841, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1841, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "c. 1841" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Silva Torres", "Gregory XVI", "English Governor", "Goanese clergy" ], "places": [ "Bombay", "Goa" ], "event": "Silva Torres acted as ordinary of Bombay, defied the vicars apostolic, and retained most Goanese clergy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 12, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 156 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00160-94d7dd0795ddc03241c9.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Pondicherry Synod Convenes", "chunk_data": "FROM THE SYNOD OF PONDICHERRY TO THE END OF THE CENTURY On their side, the vicars apostolic firmly maintained the positions given to them by the Bull and, while continuing to struggle against the dissidents, went on with their work. The most important event during this period was the Synod of Pondicherry (1845). It was summoned and presided over by Mgr Bonnand and was attended by his coadjutor elect, twenty-three priests of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, three Indian priests and Fr Bertrand, superior of the Madura mission.", "time": { "start_year": 1845, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1845, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1845" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Mgr Bonnand", "Fr Bertrand", "Paris Foreign Missions Society priests", "Indian priests" ], "places": [ "Pondicherry", "Madura" ], "event": "The Synod of Pondicherry met under Mgr Bonnand to organize missionary work.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 13, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 156, 157 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00160-94d7dd0795ddc03241c9.webp", "raw\\pages\\00161-76ae0a8d98bdd6f408f5.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Native Clergy Education Planned", "chunk_data": "With a view to recruiting a native clergy, a teaching programme was drawn up. It recommended as a basis the establishment of good primary schools or at least the improvement of those already existing. Secondary education was to be undertaken by junior seminaries and its curriculum was to include Latin, Tamil, French as a cultural language, English to facilitate relations with the administration, and the elements of history, geography, arithmetic, astronomy and physics. The pupils with an attraction towards the priesthood were to continue their higher studies at the seminary proper and were to spend one year in a missionary post between their philosophy and the tonsure, so that their vocation might be tested.", "time": { "start_year": 1845, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1845, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1845" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Mgr Bonnand", "Native seminarians" ], "places": [ "Pondicherry", "India" ], "event": "The Pondicherry Synod created an educational programme for recruiting and testing a native clergy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 14, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 157 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00161-76ae0a8d98bdd6f408f5.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Propaganda Supports Native Clergy", "chunk_data": "The work of the Synod was reported to the Congregation of Propaganda in a document entitled Éclaircissement sur le synode (\"The Synod explained\"), the author of which was a priest of the Paris Foreign Missions, Fr Luquet. It was welcomed and was used in giving final form to the Instruction of November 12th, 1845, a document of capital importance for the problem of a native clergy. One paragraph in it approved the school curriculum mentioned above, and declared its hope that when applied, it would recruit not only priests, but bishops too. Other paragraphs advised the abrogation of \"the custom of reducing the native clergy to the state of an auxiliary clergy, a situation which they rightly consider distressing\". On the contrary, \"little by little, as far as is possible and prudently, the rule should be introduced that, among those labouring in the apostolate, whether they be natives or Europeans, and all other things being equal, promotion should be based on length of service in the mission\". Hence, \"honours, duties, ranks should be distributed with reference to seniority alone\".", "time": { "start_year": 1845, "start_month": 11, "start_date": 12, "end_year": 1845, "end_month": 11, "end_date": 12, "time_display": "12 November 1845" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fr Luquet", "Congregation of Propaganda" ], "places": [ "Pondicherry", "India" ], "event": "Propaganda approved the Pondicherry educational programme and advocated equal advancement for native and European clergy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 15, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 157 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00161-76ae0a8d98bdd6f408f5.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Seminaries Expand Slowly", "chunk_data": "The programme drawn up by the Synod of Pondicherry could only be put into practice slowly and by instalments. The general inquiry ordered by Propaganda in 1858 (its findings were only made public in 1862) noted that four vicariates only had seminaries. That of Coimbatore had already produced five native priests for the mission and had seventeen pupils in training. That of Bangalore numbered twenty-nine seminarists, that of Bombay, about fifteen. The Pondicherry vicariate alone had a junior seminary and a seminary proper. They had already produced fourteen priests.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1862, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1858–1862" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Propaganda investigators", "Native priests", "Seminarians" ], "places": [ "Coimbatore", "Bangalore", "Bombay", "Pondicherry" ], "event": "A Propaganda inquiry recorded the gradual development of seminaries and native priestly training.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 16, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 157, 158 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00161-76ae0a8d98bdd6f408f5.webp", "raw\\pages\\00162-937d0649ab49d75cbf3a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Malabar Native Clergy Continues", "chunk_data": "On the Malabar coast, where there had been communities since the Middle Ages, founded by missionaries from the Near East, the three vicariates of Verapoly, Mangalore and Quilon had possessed a native clergy for centuries. It was of both Latin and Syrian rite. The Syrian clergy was mediocre in quality because its members became priests since to do so was a family tradition rather than because they had genuine vocations.", "time": { "start_year": 500, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "From the Middle Ages to the 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Near Eastern missionaries", "Syrian clergy" ], "places": [ "Malabar coast", "Verapoly", "Mangalore", "Quilon" ], "event": "Malabar retained ancient Latin and Syrian Christian communities with long-established native clergy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 17, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 158 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00162-937d0649ab49d75cbf3a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jesuit Education Expands", "chunk_data": "As regards seminaries, they were established gradually throughout the whole of India, except in the mountainous northern regions. At the end of the nineteenth century, the Jesuits organized a system of secondary and higher education. Their oldest institution, St Joseph's College at Bombay, dating from 1807, had more than 2,000 pupils at the beginning of the twentieth century. As early as 1835, the Jesuits had founded the St Francis Xavier College at Calcutta. It was given up because of Goanese opposition but re-opened in 1859 by the Belgian Jesuits.", "time": { "start_year": 1807, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1807–early 20th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Jesuits", "Belgian Jesuits" ], "places": [ "India", "Bombay", "Calcutta" ], "event": "Jesuits developed seminaries and higher education institutions across India.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 18, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 158 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00162-937d0649ab49d75cbf3a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Colleges Founded in Madura", "chunk_data": "In the Madura district, where the French Jesuits, with exemplary pertinacity, had succeeded in settling in 1837 in spite of Goanese hostility, Fr Canoz established a college at Negapatam in 1844. The Goanese set fire to it. Fr Canoz then chose Trichinopoly as the site of a new foundation, St Joseph's College, which, in 1887, already had 1,000 pupils.", "time": { "start_year": 1837, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1887, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1837–1887" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fr Canoz", "French Jesuits", "Goanese" ], "places": [ "Madura", "Negapatam", "Trichinopoly" ], "event": "French Jesuits established educational work in Madura; after Negapatam was burned, Fr Canoz founded St Joseph's College at Trichinopoly.", "tags": [ "Education", "Conflict" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 19, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 158 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00162-937d0649ab49d75cbf3a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Catholic Colleges Influence India", "chunk_data": "The University Colleges, fifty-four in number, and open to pupils of all creeds, have had considerable influence. The Trichinopoly college alone has produced 1,000 priests and ten bishops. The old pupils, even when they remain pagans or Brahmins, retain an esteem for and gratitude towards their masters. As a number of them hold high office in the administration and the liberal professions, they help to maintain an attitude favourable to Catholicism which counterbalances the opposite mentality, based on xenophobia.", "time": { "start_year": 1887, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Catholic educators", "Former college pupils" ], "places": [ "Trichinopoly", "India" ], "event": "Catholic colleges educated clergy and influenced public attitudes toward Catholicism.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 20, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 158 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00162-937d0649ab49d75cbf3a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Pius IX Appeals for Obedience", "chunk_data": "While the vicariates apostolic were making progress, the \"Goanese\" did not disarm. The appeal or rather the second appeal for obedience addressed to them by Pius IX in 1853 was considered by the Lisbon Parliament as an attack on the age-old rights of Portugal, and Parliament made use of the occasion to represent its resistance as an act of good citizenship.", "time": { "start_year": 1853, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1853, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1853" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Pius IX", "Lisbon Parliament", "Goanese" ], "places": [ "Lisbon", "Portugal", "India" ], "event": "Pius IX appealed for Goanese obedience, while the Lisbon Parliament defended Portuguese patronato rights.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 21, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 158, 159 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00162-937d0649ab49d75cbf3a.webp", "raw\\pages\\00163-a5ddf152e060c3833e87.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Concordat Negotiations Continue", "chunk_data": "The Holy See nevertheless continued to seek for bases for a Concordat. In 1857 the nuncio at Lisbon worked out a scheme which limited the rights of the Padroado to the diocese of Goa and the three suffragan sees, Cochin, Mylapore and Cranganore, but submitted to the approval of Lisbon plans for the creation of new dioceses and annulled the Bull Multa praeclare. The vicars apostolic protested so vigorously against a scheme which gave the victory to Portugal that Pius IX did not ratify it.", "time": { "start_year": 1857, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1857, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1857" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Pius IX", "Nuncio at Lisbon", "Vicars apostolic" ], "places": [ "Lisbon", "Goa", "Cochin", "Mylapore", "Cranganore", "Portugal" ], "event": "A proposed 1857 Concordat limited Padroado rights, but Pius IX rejected it after protests from the vicars apostolic.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 22, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 159 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00163-a5ddf152e060c3833e87.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jurisdictional Compromise Reached", "chunk_data": "But in 1861, with a view to promoting a peaceful solution, a brief granted extra-diocesan and delegated jurisdiction over the areas which the Bull had withdrawn from the Padroado, to the archbishop of Goa and his successors. In 1886, Leo XIII signed a new Concordat which gave to the archbishop of Goa the title of Patriarch of the Indies, but restricted the patronato rights to his diocese and his suffragans. Nevertheless, he himself continued to enjoy a personal jurisdiction outside these areas. New concessions in 1887 and 1890 in actual fact revived the double jurisdiction.", "time": { "start_year": 1861, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1890, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1861–1890" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII", "Archbishop of Goa" ], "places": [ "Goa", "India" ], "event": "Roman and Portuguese agreements alternately restricted and restored overlapping ecclesiastical jurisdictions.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 23, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 159 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00163-a5ddf152e060c3833e87.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Double Jurisdiction Causes Risk", "chunk_data": "In a word, a member of a diocese in the Padroado who was staying in an area under the jurisdiction of a vicar apostolic, ran the risk in case of illness of dying without the sacraments since only a Padroado priest had the right to administer them to him.", "time": { "start_year": 1890, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1890, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "By 1890" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Padroado priests", "Vicars apostolic" ], "places": [ "India" ], "event": "Overlapping jurisdictions could prevent Catholics from receiving the sacraments during illness.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 24, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 159 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00163-a5ddf152e060c3833e87.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Indian Hierarchy Established", "chunk_data": "The Concordat of 1886 did however remove the last obstacle to the establishment of the hierarchy which Mgr Bonnand had asked for at the 1845 Synod. India was divided into eight ecclesiastical provinces: Goa, Colombo, Pondicherry, Verapoly, Madras, Calcutta, Agra and Bombay and these comprised nineteen bishoprics, three vicariates and four prefectures apostolic.", "time": { "start_year": 1886, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1886, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1886" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Mgr Bonnand" ], "places": [ "Goa", "Colombo", "Pondicherry", "Verapoly", "Madras", "Calcutta", "Agra", "Bombay", "India" ], "event": "The 1886 Concordat enabled the establishment of a formal Catholic hierarchy in India.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 25, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 159, 160 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00163-a5ddf152e060c3833e87.webp", "raw\\pages\\00164-fd7f88e603c1bfb0838d.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Northern Provinces Await Evangelization", "chunk_data": "THE EVANGELIZATION OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCES In the middle of the nineteenth century the north of India was still almost totally ignorant of Christ's message. When it reached the small States of the mountainous area to the west of Bengal-Chotanagpur, Jashpur, Surguya and Udaipur-the missionaries who brought it had to endure so many trials and yet introduced such admirable social reforms for the natives that their story reads like an epic.", "time": { "start_year": 1850, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1875, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Mid-19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Missionaries" ], "places": [ "Northern India", "Bengal", "Chotanagpur", "Jashpur", "Surguya", "Udaipur" ], "event": "Missionaries began evangelizing northern Indian states while introducing major social reforms.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 26, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 160 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00164-fd7f88e603c1bfb0838d.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Belgian Jesuits Enter Ranchi", "chunk_data": "All its heroes were from Belgium. The first to come, the Jesuits, entered the country as chaplains to the British troops stationed at Ranchi, in 1876. They discovered tribes living in the mountains: the Kherias, Ouraons, Hos and Mundos who were completely animist, totally outside the sphere of Buddhism and living under the domination of sorcery.", "time": { "start_year": 1876, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1876, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1876" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Belgian Jesuits", "Kherias", "Ouraons", "Hos", "Mundos" ], "places": [ "Ranchi", "Northern India" ], "event": "Belgian Jesuits arrived at Ranchi as military chaplains and encountered mountain tribes.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 27, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 160 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00164-fd7f88e603c1bfb0838d.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jesuits Defend Exploited Tribes", "chunk_data": "Further, they were shamefully exploited by the great landed proprietors, the Zemindars and also by usurers. The Jesuits, and in particular Fr Lievens who arrived in 1885, took upon themselves the task of defending these victims of oppression. In so doing, they opened people's eyes to the value of Catholicism. Once they saw this, some of them asked to become members of the Church. They proved willing pupils.", "time": { "start_year": 1885, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1885, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1885" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fr Lievens", "Jesuits", "Zemindars", "Usurers" ], "places": [ "Chotanagpur", "India" ], "event": "Jesuits defended exploited tribes, leading some to seek baptism and membership in the Catholic Church.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Social Reform" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 28, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 160 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00164-fd7f88e603c1bfb0838d.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Lievens Baptizes Thousands", "chunk_data": "By 1890 Fr Lievens had baptized 79,000 of them. During a visit to Belgium where he returned to rest, he died of sheer exhaustion without seeing India again. But the torch passed into the hands of other Fathers who, inspired by the same zeal, were rewarded with similar successes, in spite of the smallness of their numbers.", "time": { "start_year": 1890, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1890, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "By 1890" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fr Lievens", "Belgian Jesuits" ], "places": [ "Chotanagpur", "Belgium", "India" ], "event": "Fr Lievens baptized 79,000 people and died from exhaustion in Belgium; other missionaries continued his work.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 29, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 160 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00164-fd7f88e603c1bfb0838d.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jashpur Tribes Request Missionaries", "chunk_data": "The progress of Catholicism in Jashpur followed a similar pattern, but by a kind of osmosis. The tribes had heard of the battle for justice waged in Chotanagpur by Fr Lievens and they asked for missionaries to be sent to them. As the rajah had forbidden the latter to enter his territory, they settled on the frontier and there instructed and baptized the small groups who came to them.", "time": { "start_year": 1885, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1907, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1885–1907" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fr Lievens", "Jashpur tribes", "Rajah of Jashpur" ], "places": [ "Jashpur", "Chotanagpur" ], "event": "Jashpur tribes requested missionaries, who worked from the frontier after the rajah barred entry.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 30, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 160 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00164-fd7f88e603c1bfb0838d.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jashpur Christians Increase", "chunk_data": "In 1907, there were already 12,900 Christians in the north of Jashpur. During this same year, Fr de Gruyse crossed the frontier to forestall the Lutherans. He soon died, worn out by his labours. He had converted 12,000 natives. These young Christian communities were to reach the fullness of their growth in the second quarter of the twentieth century.", "time": { "start_year": 1907, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1925, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1907–second quarter of the 20th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fr de Gruyse", "Lutherans", "Jashpur Christians" ], "places": [ "Jashpur" ], "event": "Jashpur had 12,900 Christians by 1907; Fr de Gruyse converted 12,000 natives before dying from exhaustion.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 31, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 160, 161 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00164-fd7f88e603c1bfb0838d.webp", "raw\\pages\\00165-9e2555250c8eb7d6d03c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Goan Oratorians Continue Ceylon Mission", "chunk_data": "The honour of continuing J. Vaz's apostolate in Ceylon belongs to the Goan Oratorians. Towards the middle of the nineteenth century, the island numbered some 100,000 Christians who were distributed at the time between the vicariates of Colombo and Jaffna, entrusted to the Oblates of Mary Immaculate and the Benedictines respectively.", "time": { "start_year": 1850, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1850, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Mid-19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "J. Vaz", "Goan Oratorians", "Oblates of Mary Immaculate", "Benedictines" ], "places": [ "Ceylon", "Colombo", "Jaffna" ], "event": "Goan Oratorians continued J. Vaz's apostolate among approximately 100,000 Christians in Ceylon.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 32, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 161 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00165-9e2555250c8eb7d6d03c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Colombo Becomes Archdiocese", "chunk_data": "Colombo became an archdiocese in 1886 with suffragan sees at Jaffna, Kandy and, from 1893 onward, Galle and Trincomalee. The Oblates were assisted in their ministry by Jesuits, Premonstratensians and a diocesan clergy.", "time": { "start_year": 1886, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1893, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1886–1893" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Oblates", "Jesuits", "Premonstratensians", "Diocesan clergy" ], "places": [ "Colombo", "Jaffna", "Kandy", "Galle", "Trincomalee", "Ceylon" ], "event": "Colombo became an archdiocese and gained additional suffragan sees.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 33, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 161 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00165-9e2555250c8eb7d6d03c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionary Institutes Reinforce Ceylon", "chunk_data": "In the second half of the nineteenth century, many other institutes had come to reinforce the missionary personnel; Salesians of Annecy and from Don Bosco's community, Missionaries of Milan and Mill Hill, Fathers of the Holy Cross and the Divine Word, Franciscans, Vincentians, Canons Regular of St Augustine, Sisters of St Joseph of Cluny, Tarbes and Annecy, catechists of Mary Immaculate, Franciscans of Mary, Sisters of the Good Shepherd, the Holy Cross, Loretto, Sisters of Charity of Milan and many others.", "time": { "start_year": 1850, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Second half of the 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Salesians", "Missionaries of Milan", "Mill Hill missionaries", "Franciscans", "Vincentians", "Sisters of St Joseph of Cluny", "Sisters of Charity of Milan" ], "places": [ "Ceylon", "Annecy", "Milan", "Don Bosco community" ], "event": "Numerous male and female religious institutes expanded missionary personnel in Ceylon.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 34, "chapter_name": "Chapter XII: The Indian Missions", "page_numbers": [ 161 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00165-9e2555250c8eb7d6d03c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionaries Establish Catholicism", "chunk_data": "They all helped, in their respective spheres, to edify, catechize and to succour suffering humanity, in short to plant the Cross in the citadel of Hinduism and to earn respect for it there.", "time": { "start_year": 1850, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Second half of the 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Catholic missionaries", "Religious institutes" ], "places": [ "Ceylon", "India" ], "event": "Missionary institutes provided education, catechesis, relief, and Catholic evangelization in Hindu regions.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Social Reform" ] } } ] }