{ "book_metadata": { "book_name": "HISTORY OF THE MISSIONS", "book_author": "BERNARD DE VAULX", "publisher": "HAWTHORN BOOKS PUBLISHERS", "published_on": "2026" }, "chunks": [ { "chunk_index": 1, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 144 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00148-29a6aae26e6aff736e3c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Chapter X: China Missions", "chunk_data": "CHAPTER X\nTHE CHINA MISSIONS\nTHE SITUATION PRIOR TO THE TREATIES OF\nTIEN-TSIN (1858) AND PEKIN (1860)", "time": { "start_year": null, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": null, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Before 1858" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "China", "Tien-Tsin", "Pekin" ], "event": "The chapter introduces the situation of the China missions before the treaties of Tien-Tsin and Pekin.", "tags": [ "Religion", "China", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 2, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 144 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00148-29a6aae26e6aff736e3c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Chinese Christianity Under Gregory XVI", "chunk_data": "At the beginning of Gregory XVI's pontificate the position of the Chinese Christian communities was still much the same as it had been in about the year 1800, but there had been one change for the better: the missionaries were coming out in slightly larger numbers; and one change for the worse: the hostility of the emperors meant the more rigorous application of the edicts prescribing Christianity. In a word, the Church was still obliged to remain underground.", "time": { "start_year": 1831, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1831, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "c. 1831" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Gregory XVI" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "At the beginning of Gregory XVI's pontificate, Chinese Christian communities remained underground despite a modest increase in missionary numbers.", "tags": [ "Religion", "China", "Persecution" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 3, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 144 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00148-29a6aae26e6aff736e3c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Perboyre Faces Chinese Persecution", "chunk_data": "Legal proceedings were taken against missionaries and Chinese Christians.", "time": { "start_year": 1831, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1846, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1831–1846" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Chinese missionaries", "Chinese Christians" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "Chinese authorities pursued legal proceedings against missionaries and Chinese Christians.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Persecution", "China" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 4, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 144 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00148-29a6aae26e6aff736e3c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Perboyre Is Tortured and Hanged", "chunk_data": "A Vincentian, Fr Jean Gabriel Perboyre, who arrived in Honan in 1836, was betrayed to the police by a renegade, then tortured for months on end for having refused to renounce his faith and to give information about the Christian communities. He was hanged on September 11th, 1840. He was beatified by Leo XIII.", "time": { "start_year": 1836, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1840, "end_month": 9, "end_date": 11, "time_display": "1836–September 11, 1840" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fr Jean Gabriel Perboyre", "Leo XIII" ], "places": [ "Honan", "China" ], "event": "Fr Jean Gabriel Perboyre arrived in Honan, was betrayed and tortured for refusing to renounce his faith, and was hanged on September 11th, 1840; Leo XIII later beatified him.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Martyrdom", "Persecution" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 5, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 144 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00148-29a6aae26e6aff736e3c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The Opium War Opens China", "chunk_data": "The missions only acquired legal status after the Opium War had forcibly opened the gates of the empire. The causes of this war are well known.", "time": { "start_year": 1839, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1842, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1839–1842" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "The Opium War forcibly opened China and eventually enabled the missions to acquire legal status.", "tags": [ "War", "Politics", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 6, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 144 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00148-29a6aae26e6aff736e3c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Opium Seized at Canton", "chunk_data": "On March 28th, 1839, the governor of Canton ordered that some 20,000 cases of opium which a merchant by the name of Elliot wanted to introduce into China, should be seized and dumped into the sea.", "time": { "start_year": 1839, "start_month": 3, "start_date": 28, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": 3, "end_date": 28, "time_display": "March 28, 1839" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Governor of Canton", "Elliot" ], "places": [ "Canton", "China" ], "event": "The governor of Canton ordered 20,000 cases of opium associated with Elliot to be seized and dumped into the sea.", "tags": [ "War", "Trade", "China" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 7, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 144 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00148-29a6aae26e6aff736e3c.webp" ], "chunk_title": "China Suspends Trade with England", "chunk_data": "The Chinese Government refused to pay the compensation claimed by Elliot and suspended all trade with the English.", "time": { "start_year": 1839, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1839, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1839" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Elliot" ], "places": [ "China", "England" ], "event": "The Chinese Government rejected Elliot's compensation claim and suspended trade with England.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Trade", "War" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 8, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 144, 145 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00148-29a6aae26e6aff736e3c.webp", "raw\\pages\\00149-dfab6a790588ba7f6caa.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Treaties Open Chinese Ports", "chunk_data": "After a short campaign China yielded and opened the ports of Canton, Amoy, Hing-Po and Shanghai to British traders (1842). In 1844, France and America in their turn negotiated the treaty of Whampou. The French plenipotentiary, M. de Lagrenée, succeeded in having an article included in it (23) according to which any Frenchmen venturing to any area outside the five ports indicated in the treaty with England should be taken, without receiving ill-treatment of any kind, to the French consulate in the nearest port.", "time": { "start_year": 1842, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1844, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1842–1844" }, "meta": { "people": [ "M. de Lagrenée" ], "places": [ "China", "Canton", "Amoy", "Hing-Po", "Shanghai", "France", "America", "England", "Whampou" ], "event": "China opened four ports to British traders after the Opium War, and the 1844 Treaty of Whampou secured protections for French citizens traveling beyond the treaty ports.", "tags": [ "Trade", "Diplomacy", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 9, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 145 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00149-dfab6a790588ba7f6caa.webp" ], "chunk_title": "French Priests Gain Protection", "chunk_data": "French priests thus found themselves safeguarded by an international agreement.", "time": { "start_year": 1844, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1844, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1844" }, "meta": { "people": [ "French priests" ], "places": [ "China", "France" ], "event": "The Treaty of Whampou placed French priests under the protection of an international agreement.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Diplomacy", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 10, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 145 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00149-dfab6a790588ba7f6caa.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Chapdelaine’s Martyrdom Prompts Intervention", "chunk_data": "But before freedom to move about and to preach could be secured for missionaries of every nation, a new European intervention was necessary. The circumstance which led to it was the martyrdom of one of the missionaries, Fr Chapdelaine (1856).", "time": { "start_year": 1856, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1856, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1856" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fr Chapdelaine" ], "places": [ "China", "Europe" ], "event": "The martyrdom of Fr Chapdelaine led to a new European intervention to secure missionary freedom of movement and preaching.", "tags": [ "Martyrdom", "Diplomacy", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 11, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 145 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00149-dfab6a790588ba7f6caa.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Treaty of Tien-Tsin Protects Missionaries", "chunk_data": "The freedom in question was written into the treaty of Tien-Tsin (1858) which also contained an article (8) declaring that any missionary in possession of a passport issued by the French Legation at Pekin would be considered as French.", "time": { "start_year": 1858, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Missionaries" ], "places": [ "Tien-Tsin", "Pekin", "China" ], "event": "The Treaty of Tien-Tsin established missionary freedom and treated missionaries holding French Legation passports as French.", "tags": [ "Diplomacy", "Religion", "Law" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 12, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 145 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00149-dfab6a790588ba7f6caa.webp" ], "chunk_title": "France’s Protective Rights Recognized", "chunk_data": "Thus France's right of protection was recognized. The general assembly of the bishops of China, which included the Italian prelates, had stated in a letter written to the pope in 1851 that they considered such protection \"indispensable\".", "time": { "start_year": 1851, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1858, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1851–1858" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Bishops of China", "Italian prelates", "The pope" ], "places": [ "China", "France" ], "event": "French protective rights were recognized, while Chinese bishops had described such protection as indispensable in 1851.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Diplomacy", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 13, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 145 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00149-dfab6a790588ba7f6caa.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Treaty of Pekin Restores Church Property", "chunk_data": "The treaty of Pekin (1860), negotiated by France, obliged the Chinese Government to restore to the Christians, through the good offices of the French minister to China, the church buildings and those devoted to charitable works which had been previously confiscated. It also granted to the missionaries the right to possess and to buy land for the erection of churches and houses.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1860, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1860" }, "meta": { "people": [ "French minister to China", "Chinese missionaries" ], "places": [ "Pekin", "China", "France" ], "event": "The Treaty of Pekin required China to restore confiscated Christian property and granted missionaries rights to own and purchase land.", "tags": [ "Diplomacy", "Religion", "Property" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 14, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 145 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00149-dfab6a790588ba7f6caa.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The French Protectorate Causes Dissatisfaction", "chunk_data": "This state of affairs which has been called, perhaps too optimistically, \"the French protectorate\" was displeasing both to the Chinese Government-since it placed under foreign supervision small areas of its territory and the Christians living in them and to the Holy See, in so far as it re-established, though on a very small scale, and for the benefit of France, a state of affairs which was reminiscent of the former patronato system.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1860, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "After 1860" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Chinese Government", "Officials of the Holy See" ], "places": [ "China", "France", "Rome" ], "event": "The French protectorate displeased both China and the Holy See because it placed Christian communities under foreign supervision and revived aspects of the patronato system.", "tags": [ "Politics", "Diplomacy", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 15, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 145, 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00149-dfab6a790588ba7f6caa.webp", "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Rome and Pekin Consider Relations", "chunk_data": "This dissatisfaction on the part of both Rome and Pekin might, in favourable circumstances, lead to the establishment of diplomatic relations between them. The opportunity came in 1885.", "time": { "start_year": 1885, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1885, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1885" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Rome", "Pekin" ], "event": "Mutual dissatisfaction with the French protectorate created an opportunity for diplomatic relations between Rome and Pekin in 1885.", "tags": [ "Diplomacy", "Politics", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 16, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Tonkin Crisis Protects Christians", "chunk_data": "THE CHINA MISSIONS\n146\nin 1885. At the time of the Tonkin expedition when Franco-Chinese relations had become strained, the emperor had made it known that the Chinese Christians and the missionaries, even those who were French, would be safe from violent action of any kind.", "time": { "start_year": 1885, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1885, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1885" }, "meta": { "people": [ "The emperor of China", "Chinese Christians", "Missionaries" ], "places": [ "Tonkin", "China", "France" ], "event": "During the Tonkin expedition and strained Franco-Chinese relations, the Chinese emperor declared that Chinese Christians and missionaries would be protected from violence.", "tags": [ "Diplomacy", "Religion", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 17, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Leo XIII Defends Universal Mission", "chunk_data": "Leo XIII thanked him and reminded him in a letter dated January 1st, 1885, that the envoys of the Sovereign Pontiff were not recruited from one nation alone. \"A fact\", he pointed out, \"in complete accord with the nature of the Christian religion, which is not made for one people alone but for all, which unites all men in the bonds of brotherhood with no distinction of country or race.\"", "time": { "start_year": 1885, "start_month": 1, "start_date": 1, "end_year": 1885, "end_month": 1, "end_date": 1, "time_display": "January 1, 1885" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII", "The emperor of China", "The Sovereign Pontiff's envoys" ], "places": [ "China", "Rome" ], "event": "Leo XIII thanked the Chinese emperor and emphasized that the Church and papal envoys were universal rather than tied to one nation.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Diplomacy", "Papacy" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 18, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "China Offers Diplomatic Exchange", "chunk_data": "In its reply, the imperial Government made it known that it was willing to accredit a minister to the Holy See and to welcome a nuncio in Pekin.", "time": { "start_year": 1885, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1885, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1885" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Officials of the imperial Government" ], "places": [ "China", "Holy See", "Pekin" ], "event": "The imperial Government offered to accredit a minister to the Holy See and receive a papal nuncio in Pekin.", "tags": [ "Diplomacy", "Politics", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 19, "chapter_name": "Chapter X: The China Missions", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "France Blocks Direct Relations", "chunk_data": "The establishment of direct relations, however, did not take place, as France refused to renounce the benefits she enjoyed under article 8 of the treaty of Tien-Tsin.", "time": { "start_year": 1885, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1885, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1885" }, "meta": { "people": [ "French government" ], "places": [ "France", "China", "Holy See", "Tien-Tsin" ], "event": "Direct diplomatic relations between China and the Holy See failed because France retained its benefits under article 8 of the Treaty of Tien-Tsin.", "tags": [ "Diplomacy", "Politics", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 20, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Consequences of French Protectorate", "chunk_data": "THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FRENCH\nPROTECTORATE", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1860, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "After 1860" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "China", "France" ], "event": "The text turns to the consequences of the French protectorate for the Chinese missions.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 21, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Treaties Improve Mission Conditions", "chunk_data": "Throughout the empire the treaties (Whampou, Tien-Tsin, Pekin) improved the situation.", "time": { "start_year": 1844, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1860, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1844–1860" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "China", "Whampou", "Tien-Tsin", "Pekin" ], "event": "The Whampou, Tien-Tsin, and Pekin treaties improved the situation of the missions throughout China.", "tags": [ "Diplomacy", "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 22, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionary Freedom Gains International Scope", "chunk_data": "When the guarantees of religious freedom secured by them had been included in the treaties China signed with Prussia (1861), Denmark and Holland (1863), Spain (1864), Italy (1866) and Portugal (1887), the Chinese missions did indeed take on the international character Leo XIII was to emphasize.", "time": { "start_year": 1861, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1887, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1861–1887" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII" ], "places": [ "China", "Prussia", "Denmark", "Holland", "Spain", "Italy", "Portugal" ], "event": "Religious-freedom guarantees entered China's treaties with European powers, giving the Chinese missions an international character.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Diplomacy", "International Relations" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 23, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The Church Emerges from Underground", "chunk_data": "There was now no longer any need to work underground.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1860, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "After 1860" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "Treaty protections ended the need for the Church to operate underground.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Law" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 24, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Violence Continues Across China", "chunk_data": "Yet the outbreaks of civil war, brigandage, the attacks of xenophobia-those endemic diseases of China-never ceased.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1860–1900" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "Civil war, brigandage, and xenophobic attacks continued throughout China.", "tags": [ "War", "Violence", "China" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 25, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 146 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The Boxer Uprising Martyrs Christians", "chunk_data": "One orgy of butchery after another took place in the second half of the nineteenth century, down to the most deadly of them all, that of the Boxers in 1900 which martyred several thousand Chinese Christians.", "time": { "start_year": 1850, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Second half of the 19th century–1900" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Chinese Christians", "Boxers" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "Repeated massacres culminated in the Boxer violence of 1900, which martyred several thousand Chinese Christians.", "tags": [ "Martyrdom", "Persecution", "War" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 26, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 146, 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00150-43bd83d61060f99c7022.webp", "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Traditional China Resists Foreign Influence", "chunk_data": "The Chinese world faced by the missionaries in the second half of the century was almost the same as it had been in the preceding period. It was shut in on itself, closed to European influences, and all but exclusively agricultural. Attachment to traditional ways, whether in the shape of loyalty to Chinese culture among the educated or of mere superstition among the peasants, kept all its force. Both classes took part in the family or national rites condemned by the Bull Ex quo singulari.", "time": { "start_year": 1850, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Second half of the 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Missionaries", "Educated Chinese", "Chinese peasants" ], "places": [ "China", "Europe" ], "event": "Missionaries encountered a largely agricultural China closed to European influence, where educated and rural populations maintained traditional rites condemned by the Bull Ex quo singulari.", "tags": [ "Culture", "Religion", "China" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 27, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missionary Orders Develop Settlements", "chunk_data": "THE CHINA MISSIONS\n147\nThe old institutes (the Paris Foreign Missions, the Vincentians) developed the country settlements already established. The newcomers acted in the same way for a long time.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Second half of the 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Paris Foreign Missions", "Vincentians" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "Established missionary institutes expanded existing country settlements, and newer groups initially followed the same approach.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Religion", "China" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 28, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Scheut Fathers Establish Reductions", "chunk_data": "Yet some of them showed occasional leanings towards the creation of reductions, the Scheut Fathers, for instance, in Mongolia among the Ordos and the Ala-Shan.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Second half of the 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Scheut Fathers" ], "places": [ "Mongolia", "Ordos", "Ala-Shan" ], "event": "Some missionaries, including the Scheut Fathers, considered creating reductions in Mongolia among the Ordos and Ala-Shan.", "tags": [ "Missions", "Religion", "Mongolia" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 29, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Christian Communities Remain Isolated", "chunk_data": "These Christian communities which had fully developed thanks to the treaties, satisfied all the spiritual and vital needs of their members. But they were isolated groups, cut off from the national life. How could it be otherwise as long as the Bull Ex quo singulari continued to have the force of law?", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "After 1860" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Chinese Christians" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "Treaty-supported Christian communities met members' spiritual and vital needs but remained isolated from national life under the continuing force of the Bull Ex quo singulari.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Culture" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 30, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Vicariates Train Chinese Clergy", "chunk_data": "The increasingly numerous vicariates on which they depended did not lose sight of the need to train a Chinese clergy. They all had preparatory schools in which vocations underwent a testing period, and seminaries leading to the priesthood.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Second half of the 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Chinese clergy", "Chinese seminarians" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "The growing vicariates established preparatory schools and seminaries to train Chinese priests.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 31, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jesuits Expand Higher Education", "chunk_data": "The Jesuits, faithful to their traditions, concentrated all their attention on higher education.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Second half of the 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Jesuits" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "The Jesuits focused their missionary efforts on higher education.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 32, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jesuits Establish St Ignatius College", "chunk_data": "At Zi-Ka-Wei, they established the College of St Ignatius, then, in 1873, an observatory which soon became famous throughout the world.", "time": { "start_year": 1873, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1873, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1873" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Jesuits" ], "places": [ "Zi-Ka-Wei" ], "event": "The Jesuits established the College of St Ignatius at Zi-Ka-Wei and founded a world-famous observatory in 1873.", "tags": [ "Education", "Science", "Religion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 33, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Jesuits Open Universities in China", "chunk_data": "At Shanghai, they opened in 1903 the Aurora University and at Tien-Tsin, an institute of higher studies.", "time": { "start_year": 1903, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1903, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1903" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Jesuits" ], "places": [ "Shanghai", "Tien-Tsin" ], "event": "The Jesuits opened Aurora University in Shanghai and an institute of higher studies at Tien-Tsin.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion", "China" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 34, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Divine Word Fathers Found Universities", "chunk_data": "At Pekin, the Fathers of the Divine Word founded two universities.", "time": { "start_year": 1860, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Late 19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fathers of the Divine Word" ], "places": [ "Pekin" ], "event": "The Fathers of the Divine Word founded two universities at Pekin.", "tags": [ "Education", "Religion", "China" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 35, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Church Growth in China", "chunk_data": "The following figures show the progress of the Church in China in the nineteenth century.", "time": { "start_year": 1800, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "19th century" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "The text introduces statistics showing the growth of the Catholic Church in China during the nineteenth century.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Demography", "China" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 36, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Church Statistics in 1800", "chunk_data": "In 1800, the six vicariates numbered 300,000 faithful served by 198 priests, of whom 89 were Chinese.", "time": { "start_year": 1800, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1800, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1800" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Chinese priests" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "In 1800, six vicariates served 300,000 faithful through 198 priests, including 89 Chinese priests.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Demography", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 37, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Church Statistics in 1885", "chunk_data": "In 1885, the 650,000 Christians were distributed among the 35 vicariates served by 700 foreign missionaries and 273 Chinese priests.", "time": { "start_year": 1885, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1885, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1885" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Foreign missionaries", "Chinese priests" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "By 1885, 650,000 Christians belonged to 35 vicariates served by 700 foreign missionaries and 273 Chinese priests.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Demography", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 38, "chapter_name": "The Consequences of the French Protectorate", "page_numbers": [ 147 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00151-6513d712c326023b088a.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Church Statistics in 1900", "chunk_data": "In 1900, the number of the faithful had risen to 740,000, distributed among 82 vicariates served by 471 Chinese priests and 904 missionaries.", "time": { "start_year": 1900, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1900" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Chinese priests", "Missionaries" ], "places": [ "China" ], "event": "By 1900, the number of Chinese Catholics had risen to 740,000 across 82 vicariates served by 471 Chinese priests and 904 missionaries.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Demography", "Missions" ] } } ] }