{ "book_metadata": { "book_name": "HISTORY OF THE MISSIONS", "book_author": "BERNARD DE VAULX", "publisher": "HAWTHORN BOOKS PUBLISHERS", "published_on": "2026" }, "chunks": [ { "chunk_index": 1, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 189 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00193-2ec7e7292d4c31445eaf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "The European Missions", "chunk_data": "CHAPTER XVIII\nTHE EUROPEAN MISSIONS", "time": { "start_year": 1517, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Reformation to modern times" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "England", "Scotland", "Ireland", "Holland", "Germany", "Switzerland", "Scandinavia", "Poland", "Russia" ], "event": "The chapter introduces the European missions that served Catholics living in territories affected by the Reformation.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Europe" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 2, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 189 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00193-2ec7e7292d4c31445eaf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Catholics Across Reformation Lands", "chunk_data": "The European missions in modern times took care of the Catholics whose intention it was to remain faithful to Rome in the States and territories where the Reformation had triumphed, England, Scotland, Ireland, Holland, Germany, a part of Switzerland and the Scandinavian countries.", "time": { "start_year": 1517, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "From the Reformation into modern times" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "England", "Scotland", "Ireland", "Holland", "Germany", "Switzerland", "Scandinavia" ], "event": "The European missions cared for Catholics who remained loyal to Rome in regions where the Reformation had prevailed.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Reformation" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 3, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 189 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00193-2ec7e7292d4c31445eaf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Ruthenian Catholics Under Orthodox Pressure", "chunk_data": "They included also the Catholics of Latin rite in Poland and the Catholics of Ruthenian rite whom, in both Poland and Russia, the orthodox Russian Church had not succeeded in winning over.", "time": { "start_year": 1596, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Early modern period to modern times" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Poland", "Russia" ], "event": "The missions also served Latin-rite Catholics in Poland and Ruthenian-rite Catholics who resisted incorporation into the Orthodox Russian Church.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Eastern Christianity" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 4, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 189 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00193-2ec7e7292d4c31445eaf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "English Catholic Emancipation", "chunk_data": "In England, the position of the Catholics, scattered and very small in numbers, remained lamentable until O'Connell's campaigns had secured their emancipation throughout the United Kingdom and the British colonies.", "time": { "start_year": 1823, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1829, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1823–1829" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Daniel O'Connell" ], "places": [ "England", "United Kingdom", "British colonies" ], "event": "Daniel O'Connell's campaigns secured Catholic emancipation throughout the United Kingdom and the British colonies.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Civil Rights" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 5, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 189 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00193-2ec7e7292d4c31445eaf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Catholic Revival in England", "chunk_data": "Once this was done, the revival of Catholicism began to expand, thanks to the Oxford movement for which Newman was responsible and which Wiseman supported at the English College in Rome, thanks too to the fervour and pugnacity of the Irish Catholics who had settled in considerable numbers on English soil.", "time": { "start_year": 1833, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1850, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1833–1850" }, "meta": { "people": [ "John Henry Newman", "Nicholas Wiseman" ], "places": [ "England", "Rome" ], "event": "Catholicism revived in England through the Oxford Movement, support from Nicholas Wiseman, and the growth of Irish Catholic communities.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Catholic Revival", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 6, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 189 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00193-2ec7e7292d4c31445eaf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Growth of English Catholicism", "chunk_data": "From 120,000 members in 1800, the Catholic community in England rose to 700,000 by 1850 (450,000 Irish).", "time": { "start_year": 1800, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1850, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1800–1850" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "England" ], "event": "The Catholic community in England increased from 120,000 members in 1800 to 700,000 in 1850, including 450,000 Irish Catholics.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Demography", "Catholic Revival" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 7, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 189 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00193-2ec7e7292d4c31445eaf.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Pius IX Reorganizes England", "chunk_data": "Pius IX gave recognition to this progress by substituting an archbishopric with ten suffragan sees for the eight vicariates.", "time": { "start_year": 1850, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1850, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1850" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Pius IX" ], "places": [ "England" ], "event": "Pope Pius IX recognized Catholic growth in England by replacing eight vicariates with an archbishopric and ten suffragan sees.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Church Organization", "Politics" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 8, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 189, 190 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00193-2ec7e7292d4c31445eaf.webp", "raw\\pages\\00194-95bd7214c0e87f3b6609.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Scottish Catholic Restoration", "chunk_data": "Catholicism in Scotland passed through similar stages. After more than two centuries of oppression, the Relief Bill of 1793, a measure due to the efforts of George Hay, restored to it the ownership of its property. In 1829, the Emancipation Bill made it free and the Irish immigration reinvigorated it and brought about the establishment of numbers of religious communities of both men and women.", "time": { "start_year": 1793, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1829, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1793–1829" }, "meta": { "people": [ "George Hay" ], "places": [ "Scotland" ], "event": "The 1793 Relief Bill restored Catholic property ownership in Scotland, the 1829 Emancipation Bill freed Scottish Catholicism, and Irish immigration stimulated religious communities.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Politics", "Catholic Revival" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 9, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 190 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00194-95bd7214c0e87f3b6609.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Hierarchy Restored in Scotland", "chunk_data": "190\nTHE EUROPEAN MISSIONS\nLeo XIII re-established the hierarchy in 1878.", "time": { "start_year": 1878, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1878, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1878" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Leo XIII" ], "places": [ "Scotland" ], "event": "Pope Leo XIII re-established the Catholic hierarchy in Scotland.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Church Organization", "Scotland" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 10, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 190 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00194-95bd7214c0e87f3b6609.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Northern Vicariate Established", "chunk_data": "At the end of the eighteenth century, in 1775, the major part of North Germany and all Scandinavia formed the vicariate of the North, which was divided several times during the nineteenth century.", "time": { "start_year": 1775, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1775–1900" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "North Germany", "Scandinavia" ], "event": "The major part of North Germany and all Scandinavia were organized into the Vicariate of the North, which was repeatedly divided during the nineteenth century.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Church Organization", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 11, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 190 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00194-95bd7214c0e87f3b6609.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Norwegian and Swedish Catholic Growth", "chunk_data": "Propaganda separated Norway and Sweden from the vicariate in 1783, the year in which an edict granted to foreigners alone the right to practise any religion other than Lutheranism. Sweden then had a few hundred Catholics. In 1842, they numbered 1,000 with four priests and two churches. This figure had exactly quadrupled by the beginning of the twentieth century.", "time": { "start_year": 1783, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1783–c. 1900" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Norway", "Sweden" ], "event": "Propaganda separated Norway and Sweden from the northern vicariate, while Sweden's Catholic population grew from several hundred to 1,000 in 1842 and then quadrupled by the early twentieth century.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Demography" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 12, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 190 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00194-95bd7214c0e87f3b6609.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Norway Gains Missionary Structures", "chunk_data": "In Norway, the first Mass since the Reformation was celebrated in 1843. Norway became an independent prefecture apostolic in 1855 and a vicariate in 1892. It also allowed religious Orders to settle in its territory. At the beginning of the present century, the Catholics numbered 2,000.", "time": { "start_year": 1843, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1843–c. 1900" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Norway" ], "event": "Norway celebrated its first Catholic Mass since the Reformation, became a prefecture apostolic and later a vicariate, admitted religious orders, and reached 2,000 Catholics.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Church Organization" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 13, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 190 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00194-95bd7214c0e87f3b6609.webp" ], "chunk_title": "North Pole Prefecture Formed", "chunk_data": "In 1855, Propaganda incorporated in one prefecture, known as that of the North Pole, Lapland, the Faroes, Iceland, Greenland, the far North of the American continent, then the Orkneys and Shetlands. In 1866, this prefecture had only seven stations, of which the most active was that of the Faroes. In all there were 250 Catholics. It was suppressed in 1869.", "time": { "start_year": 1855, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1869, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1855–1869" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "Lapland", "Faroes", "Iceland", "Greenland", "North America", "Orkneys", "Shetlands" ], "event": "Propaganda created the Prefecture of the North Pole, which had seven stations and 250 Catholics in 1866 before being suppressed in 1869.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Church Organization" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 14, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 190 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00194-95bd7214c0e87f3b6609.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Catholics in North Germany", "chunk_data": "Catholics were a little more numerous in the vicariate of North Germany which was attached to the see of Osnabrück, and in the prefecture of Schleswig-Holstein. But they were scattered and divided in a number of parishes that was minute by comparison with the dimensions of the territory.", "time": { "start_year": 1775, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Eighteenth to twentieth century" }, "meta": { "people": [], "places": [ "North Germany", "Osnabrück", "Schleswig-Holstein" ], "event": "Catholics in North Germany and Schleswig-Holstein remained scattered among very few parishes across a large territory.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Demography" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 15, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 190 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00194-95bd7214c0e87f3b6609.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Danish Vicariate Established", "chunk_data": "The prefecture of Denmark, established in 1868 and in which the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland were incorporated after the suppression of the prefecture of the North Pole, became a vicariate in 1892. The Sisters of St Joseph had made a foundation there in 1856. The progress of Catholicism was less slow than in Sweden and Norway. In 1892, there were 19,750 Catholics and twenty-nine parishes.", "time": { "start_year": 1856, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1892, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1856–1892" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Sisters of St Joseph" ], "places": [ "Denmark", "Faroe Islands", "Iceland", "Greenland" ], "event": "The Danish prefecture absorbed territories formerly belonging to the North Pole prefecture, became a vicariate, received a Sisters of St Joseph foundation, and reached 19,750 Catholics in 1892.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Church Organization" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 16, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 190, 191 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00194-95bd7214c0e87f3b6609.webp", "raw\\pages\\00195-b9b6f64e8cafce7c3ea4.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Catholicism Returns to Finland", "chunk_data": "Catholicism was reintroduced into Finland, at Viborg, in 1721 by Polish soldiers serving in the Russian army. In 1781, it was authorized in the Swedish-speaking area. Missionaries from Germany arrived in Helsinki in 1860 but returned home discouraged. The Fathers of St Quentin came in 1906 after the abolition of the laws against toleration, but they could not stay more than two years. They returned again in 1917 and had the assistance of some Dominicans. Together they succeeded in making a few converts.", "time": { "start_year": 1721, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1917, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1721–1917" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Fathers of St Quentin", "Dominicans" ], "places": [ "Finland", "Viborg", "Helsinki", "Russia", "Germany" ], "event": "Catholicism was restored in Finland, where Polish soldiers introduced it at Viborg, later toleration was extended, and twentieth-century missionaries made a few converts.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Conversion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 17, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 191 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00195-b9b6f64e8cafce7c3ea4.webp" ], "chunk_title": "French Missions in Iceland", "chunk_data": "THE EUROPEAN MISSIONS\n191\nIn Iceland, where Catholicism had disappeared at the Reformation, a French priest, Abbé Baudoin, founded at Reykjavik and Grundavjorden, two mission stations which for a long time had as their only parishioners the Breton fishermen.", "time": { "start_year": 1870, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1870, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Nineteenth century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Abbé Baudoin" ], "places": [ "Iceland", "Reykjavik", "Grundavjorden" ], "event": "Abbé Baudoin founded two Catholic mission stations in Iceland, initially serving mainly Breton fishermen.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Iceland" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 18, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 191 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00195-b9b6f64e8cafce7c3ea4.webp" ], "chunk_title": "A Native Icelandic Family Converts", "chunk_data": "However, one native family was converted, but the departure of Abbé Baudoin left them without anyone to minister to them (1876).", "time": { "start_year": 1876, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1876, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1876" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Abbé Baudoin" ], "places": [ "Iceland" ], "event": "One Icelandic family converted to Catholicism, but was left without pastoral care after Abbé Baudoin departed.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Conversion", "Missions" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 19, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 191 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00195-b9b6f64e8cafce7c3ea4.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Parish Founded in Reykjavik", "chunk_data": "In 1892, the vicariate apostolic of Denmark to which Iceland had been attached, sent a priest to Reykjavik and he established a parish there.", "time": { "start_year": 1892, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1892, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1892" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Priest of the Danish vicariate apostolic" ], "places": [ "Iceland", "Reykjavik", "Denmark" ], "event": "The Danish vicariate apostolic sent a priest to Reykjavik, where he established a Catholic parish.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Church Organization" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 20, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 191 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00195-b9b6f64e8cafce7c3ea4.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Sisters Establish Icelandic Institutions", "chunk_data": "In the following year, the Sisters of St Joseph of Chambéry arrived and soon founded a school and a hospital.", "time": { "start_year": 1893, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1893, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1893" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Sisters of St Joseph of Chambéry" ], "places": [ "Iceland" ], "event": "The Sisters of St Joseph of Chambéry arrived in Iceland and founded a school and a hospital.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Education", "Healthcare" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 21, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 191 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00195-b9b6f64e8cafce7c3ea4.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Montfort Fathers Evangelize Iceland", "chunk_data": "Yet in 1897 there were only thirty-seven Catholics and ninety-two in 1902. In 1903 the de Montfort Fathers were given the responsibility of evangelizing Iceland and their efforts succeeded in establishing a few Christian families on this stony soil.", "time": { "start_year": 1897, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1903, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "1897–1903" }, "meta": { "people": [ "de Montfort Fathers" ], "places": [ "Iceland" ], "event": "Despite low Catholic numbers in 1897 and 1902, the de Montfort Fathers began evangelization in 1903 and established several Christian families.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Conversion" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 22, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 191 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00195-b9b6f64e8cafce7c3ea4.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Missions Reach Every Territory", "chunk_data": "At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was no territory in which the Sacred Congregation had not attempted to establish missions.", "time": { "start_year": 1900, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1900, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Beginning of the twentieth century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Sacred Congregation" ], "places": [], "event": "By the beginning of the twentieth century, the Sacred Congregation had attempted to establish missions in every territory.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Church Organization" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 23, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 191 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00195-b9b6f64e8cafce7c3ea4.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Limits of Missionary Implementation", "chunk_data": "The latter, it is true, did not always have the supranational character she wished to stamp upon them. They did not always give the native clergy the place which it should hold in the new Christian communities as time goes on.", "time": { "start_year": 1900, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1914, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "Early twentieth century" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Sacred Congregation" ], "places": [], "event": "The missions did not always achieve the supranational character intended by the Sacred Congregation or grant sufficient authority to native clergy.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Missions", "Church Reform" ] } }, { "chunk_index": 24, "chapter_name": "Chapter XVIII: The European Missions", "page_numbers": [ 191 ], "image_paths": [ "raw\\pages\\00195-b9b6f64e8cafce7c3ea4.webp" ], "chunk_title": "Holy See Plans Mission Reforms", "chunk_data": "It was to reform them in these two particulars that the Holy See applied itself during and after the pontificate of Benedict XV. The purpose of the sequel to this book is to describe the precise circumstances in which these reforms were undertaken.", "time": { "start_year": 1914, "start_month": null, "start_date": null, "end_year": 1922, "end_month": null, "end_date": null, "time_display": "During and after the pontificate of Benedict XV, 1914–1922" }, "meta": { "people": [ "Benedict XV" ], "places": [ "Holy See" ], "event": "The Holy See undertook reforms to strengthen the supranational character of missions and elevate the role of native clergy during and after Benedict XV's pontificate.", "tags": [ "Religion", "Church Reform", "Missions" ] } } ] }