{
  "book_metadata": {
    "book_name": "HISTORY OF THE MISSIONS",
    "book_author": "BERNARD DE VAULX",
    "publisher": "HAWTHORN BOOKS PUBLISHERS",
    "published_on": "2026"
  },
  "chunks": [
    {
      "chunk_index": 1,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        176
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00180-86ee51ebe13b2fe64a31.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Chapter and Oceania Missions",
      "chunk_data": "CHAPTER X V\nTHE OCEANIA MISSIONS\nTHE PICPUS FATHERS IN EASTERN OCEANIA",
      "time": {
        "start_year": null,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": null,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Historical overview"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Oceania"
        ],
        "event": "The chapter introduces the missions of Oceania and the Picpus Fathers in Eastern Oceania.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 2,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        176
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00180-86ee51ebe13b2fe64a31.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Oceania’s Missionary Frontier",
      "chunk_data": "Oceania with its islands large and small scattered over a sea area equal to one-third of the surface of the globe, possesses a group of missions that is unique. It is the largest and yet one of the least populous; in it the spirit of the pioneers can still find (in New Guinea for instance) plenty of scope today. And in no other region have the conflicts between papists and anti-papists taken on such dimensions.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": null,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": null,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Historical overview"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [],
        "places": [
          "Oceania",
          "New Guinea"
        ],
        "event": "The text characterizes Oceania as a vast, sparsely populated missionary frontier marked by conflict between Catholics and anti-Catholics.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Geography"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 3,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        176,
        177
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00180-86ee51ebe13b2fe64a31.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00181-3485e64437bc2c0e894d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Early Catholic Contacts",
      "chunk_data": "Before the nineteenth century, Catholicism had scarcely made an appearance there except in the New Hebrides (and then only spasmodically), which had been visited by the Franciscans who accompanied Quiros. The discovery of Oceania was scarcely completed at the end of the eighteenth century and the descriptions embellished with lewd engravings which had been published by Wallis and Carteret (1766), Bougainville (1768) and above all Cook (1769-78) conveyed the idea that these islands were earthly paradises. So much so that, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Tahiti, Otaiti as it was called, was a symbol for a country of dreams, liberation and beatitude, the garden of Eden regained. Of this idyllic picture, the missionaries were to find little more than the countryside, the vegetation, the light and the waters. The natives, when seen at close quarters, were in general not at all like the pleasant Aoutourou whom Bougainville had brought back with him to France. The Whites were whalers, dealers in sandalwood, adventurers of all kinds whom the missionaries were to find in all sorts of odd places, \"a crowd of European and American deserters\", as one of them has said, \"roaming all over the islands and corrupting what remains of the good physical and moral qualities of these peoples\".",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1766,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1800,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1766–early 19th century"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Quiros",
          "Wallis",
          "Carteret",
          "Bougainville",
          "Cook",
          "Aoutourou"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Hebrides",
          "Oceania",
          "Tahiti",
          "France"
        ],
        "event": "Before the nineteenth century, Catholicism made only sporadic contact with Oceania, while European explorers and visitors helped create an idealized image of the islands.",
        "tags": [
          "Exploration",
          "Religion",
          "Colonialism"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 4,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        177
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00181-3485e64437bc2c0e894d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Missionaries Face European Opposition",
      "chunk_data": "The missionaries were often to find their work thwarted by such men. And finally they were to be exposed to the hostility and the calumnies of the Methodist ministers who had preceded them by some ten years in different parts of Oceania.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1810,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1820,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 1810s"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Methodist ministers",
          "Catholic missionaries"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Oceania"
        ],
        "event": "Catholic missionaries encountered obstruction from European adventurers and hostility from Methodist ministers.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Conflict",
          "Missions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 5,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        177
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00181-3485e64437bc2c0e894d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Picpus Missionaries Reach Hawaii",
      "chunk_data": "This was the case in the Hawaiian islands, an important port of call for the whaling-ships. The American Methodists had already established missionaries when, in 1819, the chaplain of the Uranie baptized two of the chiefs. In 1827, a properly constituted mission arrived: three Picpus Fathers (one of whom, Fr Bachelot, had the powers of a prefect apostolic) and three brothers of the same order.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1819,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1827,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1819–1827"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Bachelot",
          "Chaplain of the Uranie",
          "Hawaiian chiefs"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Hawaiian islands"
        ],
        "event": "Methodists established a presence in Hawaii; the Uranie’s chaplain baptized two chiefs in 1819, followed by the arrival of three Picpus Fathers and three brothers in 1827.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Hawaii"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 6,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        177
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00181-3485e64437bc2c0e894d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Hawaiian Missionaries Expelled",
      "chunk_data": "The Methodist party succeeded in having them expelled when they had baptized a few persons. Liberty of worship could not be established in the Hawaiian islands before 1839. And it was there that, a little later, Fr Damien was to die a leper, in the service of the lepers.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1827,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1839,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1827–1839"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Damien",
          "Picpus Fathers",
          "Methodist party"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Hawaiian islands"
        ],
        "event": "The Methodist party forced the Picpus missionaries out of Hawaii; religious liberty was not established there until 1839, and Fr Damien later served lepers there.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Conflict",
          "Hawaii"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 7,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        177
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00181-3485e64437bc2c0e894d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Eastern Oceania Vicariate Created",
      "chunk_data": "In spite of the initial check, the Congregation of Propaganda immediately amplified its plan of action and in 1833, raised a Picpus Father, Mgr Rouchouze, to the dignity of vicar apostolic of Eastern Oceania.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1833,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1833,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1833"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Rouchouze"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Eastern Oceania"
        ],
        "event": "The Congregation of Propaganda appointed Picpus Father Mgr Rouchouze vicar apostolic of Eastern Oceania.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Church Organization",
          "Missions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 8,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        177
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00181-3485e64437bc2c0e894d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Gambier Missionaries Survive Attack",
      "chunk_data": "In 1834, two religious of the order, Frs Caret and Laval, landed in the Gambier Islands. The natives tried to kill them in a bush fire. They succeeded in escaping and then completed a Franco-Polynesian lexicon which enabled them to instruct children and soon after adults with unprecedented success.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1834,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1834,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1834"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Caret",
          "Fr Laval"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Gambier Islands"
        ],
        "event": "Frs Caret and Laval survived an attempted killing by fire and prepared a Franco-Polynesian lexicon for missionary instruction.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Conflict"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 9,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        177
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00181-3485e64437bc2c0e894d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Gambier Islands Convert",
      "chunk_data": "At Christmas 1834, one of the Gambier islands, Akamarou, burned its idols. Aukenia soon followed suit and shortly after, Mangavera, the great island, whose sovereigns were baptized. In two years, the whole archipelago had been converted and Mgr Jerome Rouchouze set up his vicariate there.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1834,
        "start_month": 12,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1836,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Christmas 1834–1836"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Jerome Rouchouze",
          "Sovereigns of Mangavera"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Akamarou",
          "Aukenia",
          "Mangavera",
          "Gambier Islands"
        ],
        "event": "Several Gambier islands destroyed their idols, Mangavera’s sovereigns were baptized, and the entire archipelago converted within two years.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Conversion",
          "Missions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 10,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        177,
        178
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00181-3485e64437bc2c0e894d.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00182-b63770113460f816903d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Marquesas Missionaries Face Resistance",
      "chunk_data": "In the Marquesa Islands, however, two Picpus Fathers who landed in 1839, met with considerable resistance. Shortly after, disaster overtook the Picpus missions. The ship in which Mgr Rouchouze had set sail and which was bringing large reinforcements-five religious, one subdeacon, seven Brothers and ten nuns, all belonging to the Picpus institute-sank with all her passengers shortly after passing the Island of St Catherine facing Brazil.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1839,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1839,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1839"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Rouchouze",
          "Picpus Fathers",
          "Picpus religious",
          "Picpus Brothers",
          "Picpus nuns"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Marquesa Islands",
          "Island of St Catherine",
          "Brazil"
        ],
        "event": "Two Picpus Fathers met resistance in the Marquesas, and a ship carrying Picpus reinforcements sank with all passengers near Brazil.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Disaster"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 11,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        178
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00182-b63770113460f816903d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Tahiti Mission Recovers",
      "chunk_data": "Yet the spiritual conquest continued just the same. Although on Tahiti it had experienced a setback because of the Pritchard affair, it saw better days when Mgr Jaussen, the first vicar apostolic of Tahiti, came out in 1849. Today, a quarter of the population is Catholic.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1849,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 2026,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1849–present account"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Jaussen"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tahiti"
        ],
        "event": "Tahiti’s Catholic mission recovered after the Pritchard affair when Mgr Jaussen arrived as its first vicar apostolic in 1849.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Tahiti"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 12,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        178
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00182-b63770113460f816903d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Dordillon Evangelizes Marquesas",
      "chunk_data": "The long and patient apostolate of Mgr Dordillon was needed to undo the scandal caused by the apostasy of the king of one of the Marquesas. Mgr Dordillon was both a missionary and a scholar. He arrived in the archipelago in 1846 and died there in 1888, as vicar apostolic.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1846,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1888,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1846–1888"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Dordillon",
          "King of one of the Marquesas"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Marquesas"
        ],
        "event": "Mgr Dordillon worked to repair the effects of a Marquesan king’s apostasy and served as missionary and scholar until his death in 1888.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Scholarship"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 13,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        178
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00182-b63770113460f816903d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Tuamotou and Easter Island Missions",
      "chunk_data": "The evangelization of the Tuamotou Islands began in 1847 and was completed in 1889. Easter Island owes much to Mgr Jaussen who wrote a remarkable monograph on the island itself and its mysteries. It was later detached from the Tahiti vicariate after its annexation by Chile.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1847,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1889,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1847–1889"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Jaussen"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tuamotou Islands",
          "Easter Island",
          "Tahiti",
          "Chile"
        ],
        "event": "The Tuamotou Islands were evangelized between 1847 and 1889; Mgr Jaussen studied Easter Island, which was later separated from the Tahiti vicariate after Chilean annexation.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Colonialism"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 14,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        178
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00182-b63770113460f816903d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Picpus Mission Reaches Cook Islands",
      "chunk_data": "There was still the Cook archipelago. When the Picpus Fathers settled there in 1894, though without much success because of the very strong position Protestantism had acquired in the islands, the work entrusted to their zeal had received its foundations.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1894,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1894,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1894"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Picpus Fathers"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Cook archipelago"
        ],
        "event": "The Picpus Fathers settled in the Cook archipelago but achieved limited success because Protestantism was strongly established there.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Protestantism"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 15,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        178
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00182-b63770113460f816903d.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Marists Enter Western Oceania",
      "chunk_data": "THE MARISTS IN WESTERN OCEANIA\nThe western part of Oceania, that is, Polynesia with Melanesia and Micronesia, was raised to the status of a vicariate (Western Oceania) by Gregory XVI in 1836 and was in the hands of the Marists, the missionary institute then recently founded by Fr Colin.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1836,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1836,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1836"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Gregory XVI",
          "Fr Colin"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Western Oceania",
          "Polynesia",
          "Melanesia",
          "Micronesia"
        ],
        "event": "Gregory XVI created the Western Oceania vicariate and entrusted it to the recently founded Marist institute.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Church Organization",
          "Missions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 16,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        178,
        179
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00182-b63770113460f816903d.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00183-babf67e4f278fd5c68d3.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Marist Missions Reach Wallis",
      "chunk_data": "The first bishop, Mgr Pompallier, landed in New Zealand in January 1838 and sent Fr Bataillon to Wallis Island and Fr Chanel to Futuna. The events that had taken place in the Gambier Islands were re-enacted here, though at a slower pace.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1838,
        "start_month": 1,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1838,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "January 1838"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Pompallier",
          "Fr Bataillon",
          "Fr Chanel"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Zealand",
          "Wallis Island",
          "Futuna"
        ],
        "event": "Mgr Pompallier arrived in New Zealand and dispatched Fr Bataillon to Wallis Island and Fr Chanel to Futuna.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Marists"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 17,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        179
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00183-babf67e4f278fd5c68d3.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Futuna Converts After Martyrdom",
      "chunk_data": "On Futuna, there was a general conversion, largely due to the martyrdom of Fr Chanel (1841) which brought about an extraordinary wave of conversions far beyond the island itself, while on Wallis Island, conversions were due to the inexhaustible charity of Fr Bataillon, an apostle who put an end to the unending wars between the chiefs by acting as intermediary between them, and who forgave those who had intended to murder him.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1841,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1841,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1841"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Chanel",
          "Fr Bataillon",
          "Chiefs of Wallis Island"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Futuna",
          "Wallis Island"
        ],
        "event": "Fr Chanel’s martyrdom helped produce a general conversion on Futuna, while Fr Bataillon promoted conversion and ended wars between Wallis Island chiefs.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Martyrdom",
          "Conversion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 18,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        179
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00183-babf67e4f278fd5c68d3.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Bataillon Named Apostolic Vicar",
      "chunk_data": "Rome appointed him as vicar apostolic in 1843. He died on Wallis Island among his people like an Old Testament patriarch, on April 10th, 1877.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1843,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1877,
        "end_month": 4,
        "end_date": 10,
        "time_display": "1843–April 10, 1877"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Bataillon"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Wallis Island",
          "Rome"
        ],
        "event": "Rome appointed Fr Bataillon vicar apostolic in 1843; he died among his Wallis Island community on April 10, 1877.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Church Organization"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 19,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        179
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00183-babf67e4f278fd5c68d3.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Chevron Evangelizes Tonga",
      "chunk_data": "The evangelization of Tonga shed lustre on one of his disciples, Fr Chevron, who, by using the same methods as his master and thanks to his perfect knowledge of Polynesian languages, overcame the opposition of the local feudal chief, a Protestant petty tyrant who called himself the \"Napoleon of the Pacific\".",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1840,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1850,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 1840s"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Chevron",
          "Fr Bataillon",
          "Local feudal chief"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Tonga"
        ],
        "event": "Fr Chevron overcame the opposition of Tonga’s Protestant feudal chief through methods learned from Fr Bataillon and his knowledge of Polynesian languages.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Politics"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 20,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        179
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00183-babf67e4f278fd5c68d3.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Breton’s Vavaou Apostolate",
      "chunk_data": "On the other hand, another pioneer, Fr Breton, had no success during his lifetime at Vavaou, a small archipelago depending on Tonga, where he lived as a hermit until 1881. But his death was mourned by the whole archipelago. Even the Protestant ministers wanted to be present at the funeral of the man who has been called the anchorite of Oceania.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1881,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1881,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1881"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Breton",
          "Protestant ministers"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Vavaou",
          "Tonga"
        ],
        "event": "Fr Breton lived as a hermit at Vavaou until his death in 1881; although unsuccessful during his lifetime, he was mourned throughout the archipelago.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Death"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 21,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        179
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00183-babf67e4f278fd5c68d3.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Samoan Mission Founded",
      "chunk_data": "The Marists entered the Samoan Islands in 1845. Their founding of a mission there under the direction of Fr Elloy, made it possible to consider that the evangelization of western Polynesia was completed.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1845,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1845,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1845"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Elloy",
          "Marists"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Samoan Islands",
          "Western Polynesia"
        ],
        "event": "The Marists entered Samoa and founded a mission under Fr Elloy, completing the evangelization of western Polynesia.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Marists"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 22,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        179
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00183-babf67e4f278fd5c68d3.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Fiji Mission Begins",
      "chunk_data": "That of Melanesia began in 1844, when Fr Bataillon sent Fr Bréhéret to the Fiji Islands. There were hardly any conversions before 1860, but nine years later the number of catechumens was 4,000 and, by 1880, 9,000. The prefecture apostolic of Fiji, which was established in 1863, became a vicariate in 1888 and included the Island of Rotuma.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1844,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1888,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1844–1888"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Bataillon",
          "Fr Bréhéret"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Melanesia",
          "Fiji Islands",
          "Rotuma"
        ],
        "event": "Fr Bataillon sent Fr Bréhéret to Fiji in 1844; the mission expanded from few conversions before 1860 to thousands of catechumens, and Fiji became a vicariate in 1888.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Statistics"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 23,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        179,
        180
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00183-babf67e4f278fd5c68d3.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00184-2c97186c382f99fdc012.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Marists Enter New Caledonia",
      "chunk_data": "The evangelization of New Caledonia demanded of the Marists continual patience, apostolic fervour and cost them one martyr. Mgr Douarre and four religious entered the island at the port of Balade in 1843 and had to leave again soon after in order to avoid a general massacre (one Brother had already been beaten to death) plotted by the natives who considered them responsible for a famine on the island.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1843,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1843,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1843"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Douarre",
          "Marist religious",
          "Marist Brother"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Caledonia",
          "Balade"
        ],
        "event": "Mgr Douarre and four Marists entered New Caledonia but withdrew after a Brother was beaten to death and a massacre was planned during a famine.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Martyrdom"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 24,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        180
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00184-2c97186c382f99fdc012.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Douarre Returns to Caledonia",
      "chunk_data": "In 1849, Mgr Douarre again landed but this time in the south. But once more and for the same reason, he was forced to fall back on the island of Pines to the south-east. It became entirely Christian. While he was there, he received orders from Rome to take charge of the Samoa mission and to wait for better times before returning to New Caledonia.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1849,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1849,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1849"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Douarre"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Caledonia",
          "Island of Pines",
          "Samoa",
          "Rome"
        ],
        "event": "Mgr Douarre returned to New Caledonia, retreated to the Island of Pines, converted it entirely, and received orders to oversee Samoa.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Conversion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 25,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        180
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00184-2c97186c382f99fdc012.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "New Caledonia Mission Revives",
      "chunk_data": "But he was drawn to the Caledonians, as St Patrick had been to the Irish. He was at Balade again in 1851 with a few missionaries as resolute as himself and a group of natives whom they had taken away with them when they had left on the previous occasion and thoroughly indoctrinated in the meantime. With the help of these converts the conversion of the island made rapid strides.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1851,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1851,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1851"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Douarre",
          "St Patrick",
          "New Caledonian converts"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Balade",
          "New Caledonia",
          "Ireland"
        ],
        "event": "Mgr Douarre returned to Balade with missionaries and previously instructed converts, accelerating the conversion of New Caledonia.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Conversion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 26,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        180
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00184-2c97186c382f99fdc012.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Marists Serve Displaced Caledonians",
      "chunk_data": "Then the time came when the colonists, whose numbers were continually on the increase, and the administration drove the natives into the interior. The Marists went with them and tried to group them in \"Reductions\". But their ministry among the Whites absorbed so much of their time that they were unable to give themselves wholly to this apostolate. Recently, they have found it possible to return to it with some success.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1850,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 2026,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Later 19th century–recent account"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Marists",
          "New Caledonian natives",
          "Colonists"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Caledonia"
        ],
        "event": "Colonial expansion displaced New Caledonian natives inland; Marists followed them and organized reductions, though ministry among Europeans limited their work.",
        "tags": [
          "Colonialism",
          "Religion",
          "Missions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 27,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        180
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00184-2c97186c382f99fdc012.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Marists Reach New Hebrides",
      "chunk_data": "In the New Hebrides, where the Marists arrived in 1886, a population survived decimated by malaria, alcoholism and cannibalism. Yet they succeeded in obtaining a few conversions.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1886,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1886,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1886"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Marists"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Hebrides"
        ],
        "event": "The Marists arrived in the New Hebrides and secured a few conversions among a population devastated by disease, alcoholism, and cannibalism.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Health"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 28,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        180,
        181
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00184-2c97186c382f99fdc012.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00185-de04902c388c530d9620.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Solomon Islands Missionaries Martyred",
      "chunk_data": "It was in the Solomon Islands that they underwent their greatest trials. The islanders were ferocious by nature and, in the early days, did not distinguish between the missionaries and white men of doubtful character against whom they fiercely defended their independence.\n\nMgr Épalle, the first vicar apostolic of the archipelago, was beaten to death a few minutes after he had landed on Isabella Island (December 12th, 1845). At San Cristobal, another small island, Fr Montrouzier in 1845, and in 1847 two religious and a brother, perished victims of a cannibal feast.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1845,
        "start_month": 12,
        "start_date": 12,
        "end_year": 1847,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "December 12, 1845–1847"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Épalle",
          "Fr Montrouzier",
          "Marist religious",
          "Marist Brother"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Solomon Islands",
          "Isabella Island",
          "San Cristobal"
        ],
        "event": "Solomon Islanders killed Mgr Épalle shortly after his landing in 1845; Fr Montrouzier and three other religious died in 1845–1847 in attacks including a cannibal feast.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Martyrdom",
          "Conflict"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 29,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        181
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00185-de04902c388c530d9620.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Marists Evacuate Solomon Islands",
      "chunk_data": "Finally, malaria decimated this first mission. The Marists received orders to evacuate the archipelago in 1852. They returned at the end of the century and on this occasion were given a hearing.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1852,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1852–late 19th century"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Marists"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Solomon Islands"
        ],
        "event": "Malaria devastated the first mission, forcing the Marists to evacuate in 1852; they returned late in the century and gained an opportunity to be heard.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Health"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 30,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        181
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00185-de04902c388c530d9620.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "New Guinea’s Extreme Obstacles",
      "chunk_data": "THE ISSOUDUN FATHERS IN NEW GUINEA\nIn New Guinea, on the other hand, evangelization is far from complete, but where else in the whole world has it met more obstacles? Even Torres in his time, when crossing the straits to which his name has been given, had noted that around this island, one of the largest in the world, navigation was exceedingly difficult. When the Italian naturalist, d'Albertis, provided precise information concerning its relief, its snow-covered mountain tops (and this in the Tropics) close together and separated by steep chasms covered with an impenetrable undergrowth, New Guinea seemed to offer more obstacles to discovery than any other territory in the world.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1606,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1870,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "Torres’s era–19th century"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Torres",
          "d'Albertis"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Guinea",
          "Torres Strait"
        ],
        "event": "The text describes New Guinea’s difficult navigation, mountainous terrain, and dense vegetation as exceptional obstacles to exploration and evangelization.",
        "tags": [
          "Exploration",
          "Geography",
          "Missions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 31,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        181
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00185-de04902c388c530d9620.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "New Guinea’s Isolated Peoples",
      "chunk_data": "As for its inhabitants, it was gradually to be discovered (and there still remains a great deal of work to be done in this connection) that they belong to human groups which have been cut off from the rest of mankind for thousands of years. They have distinguishing characteristics of every kind and obey a moral code which authorizes infanticide, homicide, cannibalism and polygamy. The planisphere made for the Holy See in the eighteenth century was therefore not far from the truth when -although from hearsay alone-it described New Guinea as l'Isla de las malas gentes.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1700,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1900,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "18th–19th century account"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Inhabitants of New Guinea"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Guinea",
          "Holy See"
        ],
        "event": "European accounts portrayed New Guinea’s inhabitants as isolated peoples with distinctive social practices and described the island as l'Isla de las malas gentes.",
        "tags": [
          "Anthropology",
          "Geography",
          "Missions"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 32,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        181
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00185-de04902c388c530d9620.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Early New Guinea Mission Fails",
      "chunk_data": "Gregory XVI had included it in the Marists' mission field. They tried to approach it via Woodlark Island in 1848 and were decimated by fever. Priests from the Milan Foreign Missions relieved them in 1852 but after the murder of Fr Mazzuconi in 1855 they were obliged to give up any hope of remaining.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1848,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1855,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1848–1855"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Gregory XVI",
          "Fr Mazzuconi",
          "Marists",
          "Priests from the Milan Foreign Missions"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Guinea",
          "Woodlark Island"
        ],
        "event": "Gregory XVI assigned New Guinea to the Marists; fever decimated their approach from Woodlark Island, and the Milan missionaries withdrew after Fr Mazzuconi was murdered.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Martyrdom"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 33,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        181,
        182
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00185-de04902c388c530d9620.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00186-6d31708bc6a512d979f0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Issoudun Fathers Sent to Papua",
      "chunk_data": "For more than twenty-five years, the Congregation of Propaganda made no further move in the matter. Then, in 1881, it appealed to the Congregation of the Fathers of the Sacred Heart of Issoudun. Three religious, one of whom was Fr Navarre, set out during the same year with this final blessing from Leo XIII: \"Go without fear, it is the Church who is sending you.\"",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1881,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1881,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1881"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Navarre",
          "Leo XIII"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Guinea",
          "Papua"
        ],
        "event": "After more than twenty-five years of inaction, the Congregation of Propaganda sent three Issoudun religious to New Guinea with Leo XIII’s blessing.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Church Organization"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 34,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        182
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00186-6d31708bc6a512d979f0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Issoudun Mission Reaches Yule Island",
      "chunk_data": "Their destination was Papua, that is, the English area of New Guinea. After a halt at New Britain, they landed on Thursday Island in the Torres Straits, then on Yule Island (1885), a small holm lying nearest to the great island itself. Frs Navarre and Verjus organized there a base from which to operate.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1881,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1885,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1881–1885"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Navarre",
          "Fr Verjus"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Papua",
          "New Guinea",
          "New Britain",
          "Thursday Island",
          "Torres Straits",
          "Yule Island"
        ],
        "event": "The Issoudun missionaries traveled through New Britain and Thursday Island before landing on Yule Island in 1885 and establishing a missionary base.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Exploration"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 35,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        182
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00186-6d31708bc6a512d979f0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "First Papua Mission Post Established",
      "chunk_data": "Fr Verjus went forward and established the first mission post in Papua on Moou, three hours from Yule in a rowing-boat (1889). Meanwhile, Yule itself, now wholly Christian, served as the residence of the vicar apostolic. This office had been given to Mgr Navarre and soon after Mgr Verjus was appointed his coadjutor.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1889,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1889,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1889"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr Verjus",
          "Mgr Navarre"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Moou",
          "Yule Island",
          "Papua"
        ],
        "event": "Fr Verjus established the first Papua mission post at Moou; Yule Island became wholly Christian and the residence of Mgr Navarre, with Verjus as coadjutor.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Church Organization"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 36,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        182
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00186-6d31708bc6a512d979f0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Mekeo Mission Stations Expand",
      "chunk_data": "He, with the help of a few pioneers, opened some ten mission stations in the Mekeo country, beyond Moou. Nothing could stop them, neither the climate which gives almost no respite from attacks of fever, nor famine, a constant threat, nor the hostility of the natives.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1889,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1891,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1889–1891"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Verjus",
          "Mission pioneers"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Mekeo",
          "Moou",
          "Papua"
        ],
        "event": "Mgr Verjus and several pioneers opened approximately ten mission stations in Mekeo despite fever, famine, and hostility from local inhabitants.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Health"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 37,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        182
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00186-6d31708bc6a512d979f0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Christian Village Established",
      "chunk_data": "He returned to Europe to inform the pope of the first results of the mission (and these were not to be despised, since a Christian village was in existence at St Anne in 1891), and died worn out by his labours.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1891,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1891,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1891"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Mgr Verjus",
          "The pope"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Europe",
          "St Anne",
          "Papua"
        ],
        "event": "Mgr Verjus reported the mission’s first results to the pope; a Christian village existed at St Anne in 1891, after which Verjus died exhausted by his work.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Conversion"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 38,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        182
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00186-6d31708bc6a512d979f0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Papua Missionaries Suffer Losses",
      "chunk_data": "In 1894, Papua had already taken a toll of twelve victims among the youngest and most active members of the Issoudun Congregation. But new recruits were constantly coming forward.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1894,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1894,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1894"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Members of the Issoudun Congregation"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Papua"
        ],
        "event": "By 1894, twelve young and active Issoudun missionaries had died in Papua, while new recruits continued to arrive.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Death"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 39,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        182
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00186-6d31708bc6a512d979f0.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "De Boismenu Strengthens Papua Mission",
      "chunk_data": "Mention must be made of at least one of these, Fr de Boismenu, Mgr Navarre's successor. He was the moving force behind a simultaneous movement which included discovery, the erection of mission posts even in the most unlikely places, and the deepening of the Christian life by well-prepared catechisms in the various dialects, and the training of good catechists.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1894,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1914,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1894–before 1914"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Fr de Boismenu",
          "Mgr Navarre"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Papua"
        ],
        "event": "Fr de Boismenu succeeded Mgr Navarre and expanded exploration, mission posts, vernacular catechisms, and catechist training in Papua.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Education"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 40,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        182,
        183
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00186-6d31708bc6a512d979f0.webp",
        "raw\\pages\\00187-6a566d0acc0105121018.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Divine Word Fathers Reach New Guinea",
      "chunk_data": "Some ten years after the arrival of the Issoudun Fathers, the German Fathers of the Divine Word began to evangelize the eastern and western regions of New Guinea. There also, through suffering and sacrifice, they founded firmly established Christian communities before 1914.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1891,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1914,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "c. 1891–before 1914"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "German Fathers of the Divine Word",
          "Issoudun Fathers"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Eastern New Guinea",
          "Western New Guinea"
        ],
        "event": "About a decade after the Issoudun arrival, German Divine Word missionaries evangelized eastern and western New Guinea and established Christian communities before 1914.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Germany"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 41,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        183
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00187-6a566d0acc0105121018.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Issoudun Missions Reach Melanesian Islands",
      "chunk_data": "In New Britain and New Ireland, the islands to the north-west of New Guinea, the Issoudun Fathers experienced the same ups-and-downs as in Papua.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1881,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1914,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1881–before 1914"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Issoudun Fathers"
        ],
        "places": [
          "New Britain",
          "New Ireland",
          "New Guinea",
          "Papua"
        ],
        "event": "The Issoudun Fathers encountered alternating successes and setbacks in New Britain and New Ireland, as they had in Papua.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Melanesia"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 42,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        183
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00187-6a566d0acc0105121018.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Issoudun Fathers Enter Micronesia",
      "chunk_data": "In Micronesia, they settled on the Caroline and Marianne Islands in 1886 and 1891 respectively. These islands had already been evangelized in the eighteenth century by missionaries from the Philippines. In 1888, the Issoudun Fathers were on the Gilbert Islands.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1886,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1891,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1886–1891"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "Issoudun Fathers",
          "Missionaries from the Philippines"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Micronesia",
          "Caroline Islands",
          "Marianne Islands",
          "Gilbert Islands",
          "Philippines"
        ],
        "event": "The Issoudun Fathers settled the Caroline Islands in 1886, the Marianne Islands in 1891, and reached the Gilbert Islands in 1888; earlier Philippine missionaries had evangelized the first two island groups.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Micronesia"
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "chunk_index": 43,
      "chapter_name": "The Oceania Missions",
      "page_numbers": [
        183
      ],
      "image_paths": [
        "raw\\pages\\00187-6a566d0acc0105121018.webp"
      ],
      "chunk_title": "Capuchins Evangelize Guam",
      "chunk_data": "The evangelization of Guam island was undertaken in 1911 by American Capuchins. In a word, immediately before the Great War, there was no island in Oceania which had not heard the good news of the Gospel.",
      "time": {
        "start_year": 1911,
        "start_month": null,
        "start_date": null,
        "end_year": 1914,
        "end_month": null,
        "end_date": null,
        "time_display": "1911–before World War I"
      },
      "meta": {
        "people": [
          "American Capuchins"
        ],
        "places": [
          "Guam",
          "Oceania"
        ],
        "event": "American Capuchins undertook Guam’s evangelization in 1911; the text concludes that every Oceanian island had heard the Gospel before World War I.",
        "tags": [
          "Religion",
          "Missions",
          "Guam"
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}